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      Leaching of dissolved organic carbon from mineral soils plays a significant role in the terrestrial carbon balance

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          Abstract

          The leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils to the river network is an overlooked component of the terrestrial soil C budget. Measurements of DOC concentrations in soil, runoff and drainage are scarce and their spatial distribution highly skewed towards industrialized countries. The contribution of terrestrial DOC leaching to the global‐scale C balance of terrestrial ecosystems thus remains poorly constrained. Here, using a process based, integrative, modelling approach to upscale from existing observations, we estimate a global terrestrial DOC leaching flux of 0.28 ± 0.07 Gt C year −1 which is conservative, as it only includes the contribution of mineral soils. Our results suggest that globally about 15% of the terrestrial Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP, calculated as the difference between Net Primary Production and soil respiration) is exported to aquatic systems as leached DOC. In the tropical rainforest, the leached fraction of terrestrial NEP even reaches 22%. Furthermore, we simulated spatial‐temporal trends in DOC leaching from soil to the river networks from 1860 to 2010. We estimated a global increase in terrestrial DOC inputs to river network of 35 Tg C year −1 (14%) from 1860 to 2010. Despite their low global contribution to the DOC leaching flux, boreal regions have the highest relative increase (28%) while tropics have the lowest relative increase (9%) over the historical period (1860s compared to 2000s). The results from our observationally constrained model approach demonstrate that DOC leaching is a significant flux in the terrestrial C budget at regional and global scales.

          Abstract

          Using a process‐based, integrative, modelling approach to upscale from existing observations, we estimate a global terrestrial DOC leaching flux of 0.28 ± 0.07 Gt C year −1 which is conservative, as it only includes the contribution of mineral soils. Our results suggest that globally about 15% of the terrestrial Net Ecosystem Productivity is exported to aquatic systems as leached DOC. In the tropical rainforest, the leached fraction of terrestrial NEP even reaches 22%.

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          Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization

          By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1) a handful of common experiments, the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP historical simulations (1850–near present) that will maintain continuity and help document basic characteristics of models across different phases of CMIP; (2) common standards, coordination, infrastructure, and documentation that will facilitate the distribution of model outputs and the characterization of the model ensemble; and (3) an ensemble of CMIP-Endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) that will be specific to a particular phase of CMIP (now CMIP6) and that will build on the DECK and CMIP historical simulations to address a large range of specific questions and fill the scientific gaps of the previous CMIP phases. The DECK and CMIP historical simulations, together with the use of CMIP data standards, will be the entry cards for models participating in CMIP. Participation in CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs by individual modelling groups will be at their own discretion and will depend on their scientific interests and priorities. With the Grand Science Challenges of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) as its scientific backdrop, CMIP6 will address three broad questions: – How does the Earth system respond to forcing? – What are the origins and consequences of systematic model biases? – How can we assess future climate changes given internal climate variability, predictability, and uncertainties in scenarios? This CMIP6 overview paper presents the background and rationale for the new structure of CMIP, provides a detailed description of the DECK and CMIP6 historical simulations, and includes a brief introduction to the 21 CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs.
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            Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations - the CRU TS3.10 Dataset

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              Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                m.nakhavali@exeter.ac.uk
                Journal
                Glob Chang Biol
                Glob Chang Biol
                10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2486
                GCB
                Global Change Biology
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1354-1013
                1365-2486
                14 December 2020
                March 2021
                : 27
                : 5 ( doiID: 10.1111/gcb.v27.5 )
                : 1083-1096
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
                [ 2 ] Biogeochemistry and Modelling of the Earth System Department Geoscience, Environment and Society Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
                [ 3 ] Université Paris‐Saclay INRAE AgroParisTech UMR ECOSYS Thiverval‐Grignon France
                [ 4 ] Laboratoire de Géologie de l'ENS PSL Research University Paris France
                [ 5 ] College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
                [ 6 ] Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique Departement de Geosciences Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace CNRS‐ENS‐UPMC‐X Ecole Normale Superieure Paris France
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Mahdi Nakhavali, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK.

                Email: m.nakhavali@ 123456exeter.ac.uk

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2675-6730
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-0897
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4311-8645
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1320-315X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-4739
                Article
                GCB15460
                10.1111/gcb.15460
                7898291
                33249686
                7e8fc673-7065-4990-aa51-bbc3f9f90ca8
                © 2020 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 26 June 2020
                : 22 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 10, Tables: 2, Pages: 13, Words: 11429
                Funding
                Funded by: UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
                Award ID: NE/LE007223/1
                Funded by: European Union’s Horizon 2020 , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100010661;
                Award ID: 776810
                Award ID: 641816
                Award ID: 821003
                Award ID: 703813
                Categories
                Primary Research Article
                Primary Research Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                March 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.7 mode:remove_FC converted:22.02.2021

                dissolved organic carbon,global terrestrial carbon,leaching,mineral soils,terrestrial carbon balance

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