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      Evaluation of a sensitive cardiac troponin I assay as a screening test for the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats

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          Abstract

          Background

          Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cardiac disease in cats. However, most cats are not diagnosed until they develop congestive heart failure, arterial thromboembolism (ATE), or sudden cardiac death. Thus, an affordable screening test for early detection of HCM is desirable.

          Hypothesis/Objectives

          Evaluation of a sensitive cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay as a screening test for HCM in cats and determination of a cutoff for its early detection.

          Animals

          One hundred sixty‐six client‐owned cats (male, n = 97) of various breeds were evaluated and classified using echocardiography as being healthy (n = 87), equivocal (n = 15), or having HCM (mild, n = 16; moderate, n = 10; severe, n = 34) or ATE (n = 4).

          Methods

          All cats were prospectively evaluated by echocardiography, and serum cTnI concentration was determined using the currently most sensitive assay (Siemens ADVIA Centaur TnI‐Ultra).

          Results

          The median cTnI concentration was significantly different between study groups ( P < .000001). A cutoff of 0.06 ng/mL provided good discrimination between healthy cats and cats with HCM (sensitivity, 91.7%; specificity, 95.4%; area under the curve [AUC], 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.899‐0.978). Even for asymptomatic cats with HCM, sensitivity and specificity for a cutoff of >0.06 ng/mL remained high at 87.8% and 95.4%, respectively (AUC, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.864‐0.964).

          Conclusions and clinical importance

          Cardiac troponin I can be used as a sensitive and specific screening test for the diagnosis of HCM in otherwise healthy cats (cutoff, >0.06 ng/mL). However, echocardiography is needed to confirm the diagnosis.

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          Most cited references51

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          Recommendations for standards in transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. Echocardiography Committee of the Specialty of Cardiology, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

          Recommendations are presented for standardized imaging planes and display conventions for two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. Three transducer locations ("windows") provide access to consistent imaging planes: the right parasternal location, the left caudal (apical) parasternal location, and the left cranial parasternal location. Recommendations for image display orientations are very similar to those for comparable human cardiac images, with the heart base or cranial aspect of the heart displayed to the examiner's right on the video display. From the right parasternal location, standard views include a long-axis four-chamber view and a long-axis left ventricular outflow view, and short-axis views at the levels of the left ventricular apex, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, mitral valve, aortic valve, and pulmonary arteries. From the left caudal (apical) location, standard views include long-axis two-chamber and four-chamber views. From the left cranial parasternal location, standard views include a long-axis view of the left ventricular outflow tract and ascending aorta (with variations to image the right atrium and tricuspid valve, and the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery), and a short-axis view of the aortic root encircled by the right heart. These images are presented by means of idealized line drawings. Adoption of these standards should facilitate consistent performance, recording, teaching, and communicating results of studies obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography.
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            Cardiac troponin and outcome in acute heart failure.

            Cardiac troponin provides diagnostic and prognostic information in acute coronary syndromes, but its role in acute decompensated heart failure is unclear. The purpose of our study was to describe the association between elevated cardiac troponin levels and adverse events in hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure. We analyzed hospitalizations for acute decompensated heart failure between October 2001 and January 2004 that were recorded in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). Entry criteria included a troponin level that was obtained at the time of hospitalization in patients with a serum creatinine level of less than 2.0 mg per deciliter (177 micromol per liter). A positive troponin test was defined as a cardiac troponin I level of 1.0 microg per liter or higher or a cardiac troponin T level of 0.1 microg per liter or higher. Troponin was measured at the time of admission in 84,872 of 105,388 patients (80.5%) who were hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. Of these patients, 67,924 had a creatinine level of less than 2.0 mg per deciliter. Cardiac troponin I was measured in 61,379 patients, and cardiac troponin T in 7880 patients (both proteins were measured in 1335 patients). Overall, 4240 patients (6.2%) were positive for troponin. Patients who were positive for troponin had lower systolic blood pressure on admission, a lower ejection fraction, and higher in-hospital mortality (8.0% vs. 2.7%, P<0.001) than those who were negative for troponin. The adjusted odds ratio for death in the group of patients with a positive troponin test was 2.55 (95% confidence interval, 2.24 to 2.89; P<0.001 by the Wald test). In patients with acute decompensated heart failure, a positive cardiac troponin test is associated with higher in-hospital mortality, independently of other predictive variables. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00366639 [ClinicalTrials.gov].). Copyright 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Cardiomyopathy prevalence in 780 apparently healthy cats in rehoming centres (the CatScan study).

              Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) appears to be common in cats and, based on pilot data, a prevalence of 15% has been hypothesized. The objectives were to screen a large population of apparently healthy adult cats for cardiac disease, and identify factors associated with a diagnosis of HCM.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                gwess@lmu.de
                Journal
                J Vet Intern Med
                J. Vet. Intern. Med
                10.1111/(ISSN)1939-1676
                JVIM
                Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
                John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Hoboken, USA )
                0891-6640
                1939-1676
                16 April 2019
                May-Jun 2019
                : 33
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1111/jvim.2019.33.issue-3 )
                : 1242-1250
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Clinic of Small Animal Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich Germany
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Gerhard Wess, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.

                Email: gwess@ 123456lmu.de

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6634-8072
                Article
                JVIM15498
                10.1111/jvim.15498
                6524108
                30990935
                7e932927-57fc-4e31-b6eb-47ebf6740829
                © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                : 05 November 2018
                : 03 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Pages: 9, Words: 7037
                Categories
                Standard Article
                SMALL ANIMAL
                Standard Articles
                Cardiology
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                jvim15498
                May/June 2019
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.6.3 mode:remove_FC converted:17.05.2019

                Veterinary medicine
                biomarker,cats,ctni,left ventricular hypertrophy,screening test
                Veterinary medicine
                biomarker, cats, ctni, left ventricular hypertrophy, screening test

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