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      The Relationship Between Training Load and Injury, Illness and Soreness: A Systematic and Literature Review.

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4
      Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)

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          Abstract

          Clinically it is understood that rapid increases in training loads expose an athlete to an increased risk of injury; however, there are no systematic reviews to qualify this statement.

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          Most cited references49

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          Monitoring Training Load to Understand Fatigue in Athletes

          Many athletes, coaches, and support staff are taking an increasingly scientific approach to both designing and monitoring training programs. Appropriate load monitoring can aid in determining whether an athlete is adapting to a training program and in minimizing the risk of developing non-functional overreaching, illness, and/or injury. In order to gain an understanding of the training load and its effect on the athlete, a number of potential markers are available for use. However, very few of these markers have strong scientific evidence supporting their use, and there is yet to be a single, definitive marker described in the literature. Research has investigated a number of external load quantifying and monitoring tools, such as power output measuring devices, time-motion analysis, as well as internal load unit measures, including perception of effort, heart rate, blood lactate, and training impulse. Dissociation between external and internal load units may reveal the state of fatigue of an athlete. Other monitoring tools used by high-performance programs include heart rate recovery, neuromuscular function, biochemical/hormonal/immunological assessments, questionnaires and diaries, psychomotor speed, and sleep quality and quantity. The monitoring approach taken with athletes may depend on whether the athlete is engaging in individual or team sport activity; however, the importance of individualization of load monitoring cannot be over emphasized. Detecting meaningful changes with scientific and statistical approaches can provide confidence and certainty when implementing change. Appropriate monitoring of training load can provide important information to athletes and coaches; however, monitoring systems should be intuitive, provide efficient data analysis and interpretation, and enable efficient reporting of simple, yet scientifically valid, feedback.
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            Injuries affect team performance negatively in professional football: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study.

            The influence of injuries on team performance in football has only been scarcely investigated.
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              Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers.

              There is little evidence supporting current safety recommendations for adolescent pitchers. Pitching practices of adolescent pitchers without history of arm injury will be significantly different from those of adolescent pitchers who required shoulder or elbow surgery. Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Ninety-five adolescent pitchers who had shoulder or elbow surgery and 45 adolescent pitchers who never had a significant pitching-related injury completed a survey. Responses were compared between the 2 groups using t tests and chi(2) analyses. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to identify the risk factors. The injured group pitched significantly more months per year, games per year, innings per game, pitches per game, pitches per year, and warm-up pitches before a game. These pitchers were more frequently starting pitchers, pitched in more showcases, pitched with higher velocity, and pitched more often with arm pain and fatigue. They also used anti-inflammatory drugs and ice more frequently to prevent an injury. Although the groups were age matched, the injured group was taller and heavier. There were no significant differences regarding private pitching instruction, coach's chief concern, pitcher's self-rating, exercise programs, stretching practices, relieving frequency, pitch type frequency, or age at which pitch types were first thrown. Pitching practices were significantly different between the groups. The factors with the strongest associations with injury were overuse and fatigue. High pitch velocity and participation in showcases were also associated with increased risk for injury. New recommendations were made based on these results. Adherence to the recommendations may reduce the incidence of significant injury to adolescent pitchers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sports Med
                Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
                1179-2035
                0112-1642
                Jun 2016
                : 46
                : 6
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia. Michael.drew@ausport.gov.au.
                [2 ] Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia. Michael.drew@ausport.gov.au.
                [3 ] c/o AIS Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Cr, Bruce, ACT, 2614, Australia. Michael.drew@ausport.gov.au.
                [4 ] Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.
                Article
                10.1007/s40279-015-0459-8
                10.1007/s40279-015-0459-8
                26822969
                7ea1e917-774d-41dc-91bf-c7bf56928d94
                History

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