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      ¿Es efectivo el entrenamiento sobre superficies inestables para jugadores de golf de alto nivel? Translated title: Is training on unstable surfaces for high level golf players effective?

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          Abstract

          Resumen El propósito de esta investigación, fue estudiar la eficiencia del entrenamiento de estabilidad lumbopélvica, realizado en superficies estables e inestables, y cómo este afecta a la velocidad y distancia de golpeo en golf, en jugadores de alto rendimiento. Objetivo. Comprobar si es realmente eficaz entrenar sobre superficies inestables para un golfista de élite. Configuración y Diseño. Cuasi experimental, de pre y post tratamiento de un grupo. Material y Métodos. Participaron en el estudio veinticinco varones y 2 mujeres (24 ± 5,3 años; 181 ± 4 cm, 76,8 ± 6,35 kg), fueron aleatorizados a los grupos de entrenamiento en superficie estable (GE, n=14) o entrenamiento en superficie inestable (GI, n=13). Se realizaron mediciones de distancia y velocidad con Trackman golf®, ejecutando cada sujeto cinco golpeos obteniendo la media y la mejor de las distancias. Estas mediciones se realizaron pre y post intervención. Se utilizaron como unidades de medida, metros (m) para la distancia y millas por hora para velocidad de golpeo (mph). Análisis estadístico utilizado. Prueba t-Student de muestras emparejadas. Resultados. Se realizó una prueba t-Student de los valores medios ambos grupos de golpeo pre y post entrenamiento. Encontramos tendencias que nos indican, que, efectivamente, entrenar sobre superficies inestables no es eficiente para el golfista de alto nivel. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en distancia Carry (CD) pre y post test del GE de 225,1m a 232,9m (p<0,027) y mejoras no significativas en velocidad de la cabeza del palo (CHS) pre y post test de 105,8 mph a 107,1 mph (p>0,05). Mientras que el GI, no mostró resultados significativos en ninguno de los parámetros, CD mejoró de 223,3m a 225,4m (p>0,05) y CHS disminuyó de 104,4 mph a 103,4 mph. Conclusiones. Con los datos obtenidos, podemos concluir que el entrenamiento sobre superficies inestables, a pesar de ser norma común en el golf de élite, no parece mejorar el rendimiento de una acción tan determinante en el juego como es el swing.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The purpose of this research was to study the efficiency of the lumbar-pelvic stability training, carried out on stable and unstable surfaces, and how this affects the speed and hitting distance in golf, in high performance players. Aim. See if training on unstable surfaces is really effective for an elite golfer. Settings and Design. Quasi experimental, pre and post treatment of a group. Material and methods. Twenty-five males and 2 females (24 ± 5.3 years; 181 ± 4 cm, 76.8 ± 6.35 kg) participated in the study, were randomized to the training groups on stable surface (GE, n = 14) or training on unstable surface (GI, n = 13). Distance and speed measurements were made with Trackman golf®, each subject executing five blows obtaining the mean and the best of the distances. These measurements were made pre and post intervention. Meters for distance and miles per hour for hitting speed (mph) were used as units of measurement. Statistical analysis used. Student t-test of paired samples. Results. A t-Student test of the mean values of both groups of pre and post training hitting was performed. We find trends that indicate that, indeed, training on unstable surfaces is not efficient for the high-level golfer. Significant differences were found in the Carry distance (CD) pre and post test of the GE from 225.1m to 232.9m (p <0.027) and non significant improvements in club head speed (CHS) pre and post test of 105, 8 mph to 107.1 mph (p> 0.05). While the GI did not show significant results in any of the parameters, CD improved from 223.3m to 225.4m (p> 0.05) and CHS decreased from 104.4mph to 103.4mph. Conclusions. With the data obtained, we can conclude that training on unstable surfaces, despite being a common norm in elite golf, does not seem to improve the performance of an action as decisive in the game as swing.

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          Most cited references19

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          Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women.

          An 8-wk progressive resistance training program for the lower extremity was performed twice a week to investigate the time course for skeletal muscle adaptations in men and women. Maximal dynamic strength was tested biweekly. Muscle biopsies were extracted at the beginning and every 2 wk of the study from resistance-trained and from nontrained (control) subjects. The muscle samples were analyzed for fiber type composition, cross-sectional area, and myosin heavy chain content. In addition, fasting blood samples were measured for resting serum levels of testosterone, cortisol, and growth hormone. With the exception of the leg press for women (after 2 wk of training) and leg extension for men (after 6 wk of training), absolute and relative maximal dynamic strength was significantly increased after 4 wk of training for all three exercises (squat, leg press, and leg extension) in both sexes. Resistance training also caused a significant decrease in the percentage of type IIb fibers after 2 wk in women and 4 wk in men, an increase in the resting levels of serum testosterone after 4 wk in men, and a decrease in cortisol after 6 wk in men. No significant changes occurred over time for any of the other measured parameters for either sex. These data suggest that skeletal muscle adaptations that may contribute to strength gains of the lower extremity are similar for men and women during the early phase of resistance training and, with the exception of changes in the fast fiber type composition, that they occur gradually.
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            Trunk muscle activity increases with unstable squat movements.

            The objective of this study was to determine differences in electromyographic (EMG) activity of the soleus (SOL), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), abdominal stabilizers (AS), upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES), and lumbo-sacral erector spinae (LSES) muscles while performing squats of varied stability and resistance. Stability was altered by doing the squat movement on a Smith machine, a free squat, and while standing on two balance discs. Fourteen male subjects performed the movements. Activities of the SOL, AS, ULES, and LSES were highest during the unstable squat and lowest with the Smith machine protocol (p < 0.05). Increased EMG activity of these muscles may be attributed to their postural and stabilization role. Furthermore, EMG activity was higher during concentric contractions compared to eccentric contractions. Performing squats on unstable surfaces may permit a training adaptation of the trunk muscles responsible for supporting the spinal column (i.e., erector spinae) as well as the muscles most responsible for maintaining posture (i.e., SOL).
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              Core Stability Exercise Versus General Exercise for Chronic Low Back Pain

              Reference: Wang XQ, Zheng JJ, Yu ZW, et al. A meta-analysis of core stability exercise versus general exercise for chronic low back pain. PLoS One . 2012;7(12):e52082. Clinical Questions: Is core stability exercise more effective than general exercise in the treatment of patients with nonspecific low back pain (LBP)? Data Sources: The authors searched the following databases: China Biological Medicine disc, Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed from 1970 through 2011. The key medical subject headings searched were chronic pain , exercise , LBP , lumbosacral region , and sciatica . Study Selection: Randomized controlled trials comparing core stability exercise with general exercise in the treatment of chronic LBP were investigated. Participants were male and female adults with LBP for at least 3 months that was not caused by a specific known condition. A control group receiving general exercise and an experimental group receiving core stability exercise were required for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Core stability was defined as the ability to ensure a stable neutral spine position, but the type of exercise was not specified. Outcome measures of pain intensity, back-specific functional status, quality of life, and work absenteeism were recorded at 3-, 6-, and 12-month intervals. Data Extraction: The study design, participant information, description of interventions in the control and experimental groups, outcome measures, and follow-up period were extracted. The mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to evaluate statistical significance. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Recommendations, and all articles were rated as high risk for other bias with no further explanation given. Main Results: Five studies involving 414 patients were included. Four studies assessed pain intensity using the visual analog scale or numeric rating scale. In the core stability exercise group, the reduction in pain was significant at 3 months (MD = −1.29, 95% CI = −2.47, −0.11; P = .003) but not at 6 months (MD = −0.50, 95% CI = −1.36, 0.35; P = .26). Functional status was improved at 3 months (MD = −7.14, 95% CI = −11.64, −2.65; P = .002) but not at 6 months (MD = −0.50, 95% CI = 0.36, 0.35; P = .26) or 12 months (MD = −0.32, 95% CI = −0.87, 0.23; P = .25). All of the included studies assessed back-specific functional status: 4 used the Oswestry Disability Index and 1 used the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. Patients in the core stability exercise groups experienced improved functional status versus the general exercise group at 3 months (MD = −7.14, 95% CI = −11.64, −2.65; P = .002); no results were recorded at 6 or 12 months. Conclusions: In the short term, core stability exercise was more effective than general exercise for decreasing pain and increasing back-specific functional status in patients with LBP.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2020
                : 5
                : 10
                : 1118-1133
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Trinity Saint David Spain
                Article
                S2529-850X2020001000005 S2529-850X(20)00501000005
                10.19230/jonnpr.3703
                7eaec9d8-f598-4db8-a38c-bac4a9bd42bb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 July 2020
                : 27 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 16
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original

                Lumbo pelvic stability,Elite,Trackman Golf,golf,superficies inestables,Estabilidad lumbo pélvica,unstable surfaces

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