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      Terapia autógena: técnicas, fundamentos, aplicaciones en la salud y clínica y apoyo empírico Translated title: Autogenic therapy: Techniques, foundations, health and clinical applications, and empirical support

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          Abstract

          Resumen La terapia autógena se origina en el entrenamiento autógeno de Schultz y en su desarrollo incorpora diferentes métodos terapéuticos de orientación psicofisiológica creados para promover procesos cerebrales homeostáticos autorregulatorios. Los objetivos de este artículo son describir y analizar los diferentes métodos autógenos, los procesos psicofisiológicos y neurofisiológicos implicados y sus aplicaciones eficaces en la salud y la clínica. Para ello, además de revisar los primeros trabajos de Schultz y Luthe, se ha hecho una búsqueda electrónica de estudios para encontrar contribuciones relevantes sobre estos temas. Los resultados muestran un gran desarrollo de los métodos autógenos hasta los años 80, con una ingente cantidad de aplicaciones y estudios sobre los cambios psicofisiológicos y neurofisiológicos concomitantes. Sin embargo, su expansión durante los últimos 25 años ha sido mucho menor en comparación con métodos como el mindfulness o la hipnosis. Se discuten posibles causas y se plantean retos futuros para la terapia autógena.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Autogenic therapy emerges from the “autogenic training” method created by Schultz, and its development incorporates different therapeutic methods based on a psychophysiological approach. All these methods promote homeostatic self-regulatory brain processes. The aims of this paper are to describe and analyse the autogenic methods, the psychophysiological and neurophysiological processes involved, and their effective applications in both health and clinical fields. For these purposes, beside reviewing the earlier work by Schultz and Luthe, an electronic search of literature was conducted in order to find relevant contributions on these topics. Results show a big development of autogenic methods until the 80s, with an enormous amount of applications and studies on the psychophysiological and neurophysiological changes related to the practice of autogenic training. However, their expansion during the last 25 years has been much lower in comparison with other methods such as mindfulness and hypnosis. Possible causes are discussed and new challenges are suggested.

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          Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex.

          Since the early days of research into language and the brain, word meaning was assumed to be processed in specific brain regions, which most modern neuroscientists localize to the left temporal lobe. Here we use event-related fMRI to show that action words referring to face, arm, or leg actions (e.g., to lick, pick, or kick), when presented in a passive reading task, differentially activated areas along the motor strip that either were directly adjacent to or overlapped with areas activated by actual movement of the tongue, fingers, or feet. These results demonstrate that the referential meaning of action words has a correlate in the somatotopic activation of motor and premotor cortex. This rules out a unified "meaning center" in the human brain and supports a dynamic view according to which words are processed by distributed neuronal assemblies with cortical topographies that reflect word semantics.
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            Listening to action-related sentences modulates the activity of the motor system: a combined TMS and behavioral study.

            Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and a behavioral paradigm were used to assess whether listening to action-related sentences modulates the activity of the motor system. By means of single-pulse TMS, either the hand or the foot/leg motor area in the left hemisphere was stimulated in distinct experimental sessions, while participants were listening to sentences expressing hand and foot actions. Listening to abstract content sentences served as a control. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from hand and foot muscles. Results showed that MEPs recorded from hand muscles were specifically modulated by listening to hand-action-related sentences, as were MEPs recorded from foot muscles by listening to foot-action-related sentences. This modulation consisted of an amplitude decrease of the recorded MEPs. In the behavioral task, participants had to respond with the hand or the foot while listening to actions expressing hand and foot actions, as compared to abstract sentences. Coherently with the results obtained with TMS, when the response was given with the hand, reaction times were slower during listening to hand-action-related sentences, while when the response was given with the foot, reaction times were slower during listening to foot-action-related sentences. The present data show that processing verbally presented actions activates different sectors of the motor system, depending on the effector used in the listened-to action.
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              Relaxation training for anxiety: a ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis

              Background Relaxation training is a common treatment for anxiety problems. Lacking is a recent quantitative meta-analysis that enhances understanding of the variability and clinical significance of anxiety reduction outcomes after relaxation treatment. Methods All studies (1997–2007), both RCT, observational and without control group, evaluating the efficacy of relaxation training (Jacobson's progressive relaxation, autogenic training, applied relaxation and meditation) for anxiety problems and disorders were identified by comprehensive electronic searches with Pubmed, Psychinfo and Cochrane Registers, by checking references of relevant studies and of other reviews. Our primary outcome was anxiety measured with psychometric questionnaires. Meta-analysis was undertaken synthesizing the data from all trials, distinguishing within and between effect sizes. Results 27 studies qualified for the inclusion in the meta-analysis. As hypothesized, relaxation training showed a medium-large effect size in the treatment of anxiety. Cohen's d was .57 (95% CI: .52 to .68) in the within analysis and .51 (95% CI: .46 to .634) in the between group analysis. Efficacy was higher for meditation, among volunteers and for longer treatments. Implications and limitations are discussed. Conclusion The results show consistent and significant efficacy of relaxation training in reducing anxiety. This meta-analysis extends the existing literature through facilitation of a better understanding of the variability and clinical significance of anxiety improvement subsequent to relaxation training.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                clinsa
                Clínica y Salud
                Clínica y Salud
                Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1130-5274
                2174-0550
                November 2016
                : 27
                : 3
                : 133-145
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid orgnameUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Spain
                Article
                S1130-52742016000300005 S1130-5274(16)02700300005
                10.1016/j.clysa.2016.09.004
                7ec98cb0-a18b-461c-9e8f-db13a29a931a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 September 2016
                : 07 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 85, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos

                Effective treatments,Autogenic training,Autogenic therapy,Self-regulatory brain processes,Entrenamiento autógeno,Terapia autógena,Procesos cerebrales autorregulatorios,Tratamientos eficaces

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