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      Prognostic value of plasma NT-proBNP levels in very old patients with moderate renal insufficiency in China Translated title: Prognostischer Wert der NT-proBNP-Plasmakonzentration bei sehr alten Patienten mit moderater Niereninsuffizienz in China

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          Abstract

          Background

          The N‑terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has an important prognostic value in chronic renal insufficiency; however, most studies have been conducted in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In this study we evaluated the prognostic significance of NT-proBNP in very old patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) and compared its prognostic value in CKD3a versus CKD3b patients.

          Methods

          Patients (age ≥80 years old) hospitalized with stage 3 CKD from 2007 to 2010 who were eligible for this prospective study underwent follow-up examinations in 2015. The examinations included measurements of anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, plasma NT-proBNP, creatinine, and lipids. End-point events were all-cause death and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs).

          Results

          A total of 168 patients (mean age 87.4 ± 2.9 years, range 80–99 years) were included in the analysis (CKD3a, n = 117; CKD3b, n = 51). The results showed that CKD3b was associated with lower hemoglobin levels, higher NT-proBNP levels and a higher rate of hypertension compared with CKD3a. After a median follow-up of 3.8 years (interquartile range 1.5–6.1 years), a higher NT-proBNP level was associated with a higher risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio HR 1.986, 95% confidence interval CI 1.276–2.819, p = 0.028) and MACEs (HR 2.872, 95% CI 1.241–6.644, p = 0.014) after adjusting for age, sex, and traditional risk factors; however, a subgroup comparison showed that elevated NT-proBNP levels were associated with a higher risk of all-cause death (HR 2.350, 95% CI 1.906–6.091, p = 0.039) and MACEs (HR 3.025, 95% CI 1.024–8.940, p = 0.045) in CKD3a but not CKD3b.

          Conclusion

          Levels of NT-proBNP increased with decreased renal function in very old patients with stage 3 CKD; therefore, NT-proBNP is an independent predictor for all-cause death and MACEs in these patients but has a greater prognostic value in CKD3a than in CKD3b.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund

          Das „N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide“ (NT-proBNP) hat einen wichtigen prognostischen Wert für die chronische Niereninsuffizienz; jedoch wurde die Mehrzahl der Studien bei Patienten mit einer Nierenkrankheit im Endstadium durchgeführt. In dieser Studie beurteilten wir die prognostische Bedeutung von NT-proBNP bei sehr alten Patienten mit chronischer Niereninsuffizienz („chronic kidney disease“, CKD) Stadium 3 und verglichen dessen prognostischen Wert bei CKD3a vs. CKD3b.

          Methoden

          Patienten (Alter ≥80 Jahre), die von 2007 bis 2010 mit einer CKD Stadium 3 hospitalisiert wurden und die für diese prospektive Studie geeignet waren, unterzogen sich im Jahr 2015 Nachsorgeuntersuchungen. Die Untersuchungen umfassten Messungen anthropometrischer Werte, Blutdruck, NT-proBNP-Plasmakonzentration, Kreatinin und Lipide. Endpunktereignisse waren Tod jeglicher Ursache und schwere unerwünschte kardiale Ereignisse (MACEs).

          Ergebnisse

          Insgesamt 168 Patienten (mittleres Alter: 87,4 ± 2,9 Jahre, Range: 80–99 Jahre) wurden in die Analyse eingeschlossen (CKD3a: n = 117; CKD3b: n = 51). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass CKD3b im Vergleich zu CKD3a mit geringeren Hämoglobinwerten, höheren NT-proBNP-Konzentrationen und einer höheren Hypertensionsrate assoziiert war. Nach einem medianen Follow-up von 3,8 Jahren (interquartile Spannweite: 1,5–6,1 Jahre) war eine höhere NT-proBNP-Konzentration mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Tod jeglicher Ursache (Hazard-Ratio [HR] 1,986; 95% Konfidenzintervall [CI] 1,276–2,819; p = 0,028) und MACEs (HR 2,872; 95% CI 1,241–6,644; p = 0,014) assoziiert, nachdem eine Anpassung für Alter, Geschlecht und traditionelle Risikofaktoren erfolgt war. Ein Subgruppenvergleich zeigte jedoch, dass eine erhöhte NT-proBNP-Konzentration in der CKD3a-Gruppe, jedoch nicht in der CKD3b-Gruppe, mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Tod jeglicher Ursache (HR 2,350, 95% CI 1,906–6,091; p = 0,039) und MACEs (HR 3,025, 95% CI 1,024–8,940; p = 0,045) assoziiert war.

          Schlussfolgerung

          Die NT-proBNP-Konzentrationen stiegen mit abnehmender Nierenfunktion bei sehr alten Patienten mit CKD Stadium 3. Daher ist NT-proBNP ein unabhängiger Prädiktor für Tod jeglicher Ursache und MACEs bei dieser Patientengruppe, wobei es bei CKD3a einen größeren prognostischen Wert hat als bei CKD3b.

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          Most cited references17

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          Relation between kidney function, proteinuria, and adverse outcomes.

          The current staging system for chronic kidney disease is based primarily on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with lower eGFR associated with higher risk of adverse outcomes. Although proteinuria is also associated with adverse outcomes, it is not used to refine risk estimates of adverse events in this current system. To determine the association between reduced GFR, proteinuria, and adverse clinical outcomes. Community-based cohort study with participants identified from a province-wide laboratory registry that includes eGFR and proteinuria measurements from Alberta, Canada, between 2002 and 2007. There were 920 985 adults who had at least 1 outpatient serum creatinine measurement and who did not require renal replacement treatment at baseline. Proteinuria was assessed by urine dipstick or albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). All-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and progression to kidney failure. The majority of individuals (89.1%) had an eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or greater. Over median follow-up of 35 months (range, 0-59 months), 27 959 participants (3.0%) died. The fully adjusted rate of all-cause mortality was higher in study participants with lower eGFRs or heavier proteinuria. Adjusted mortality rates were more than 2-fold higher among individuals with heavy proteinuria measured by urine dipstick and eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or greater, as compared with those with eGFR of 45 to 59.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and normal protein excretion (rate, 7.2 [95% CI, 6.6-7.8] vs 2.9 [95% CI, 2.7-3.0] per 1000 person-years, respectively; rate ratio, 2.5 [95% CI, 2.3-2.7]). Similar results were observed when proteinuria was measured by ACR (15.9 [95% CI, 14.0-18.1] and 7.0 [95% CI, 6.4-7.6] per 1000 person-years for heavy and absent proteinuria, respectively; rate ratio, 2.3 [95% CI, 2.0-2.6]) and for the outcomes of hospitalization with acute myocardial infarction, end-stage renal disease, and doubling of serum creatinine level. The risks of mortality, myocardial infarction, and progression to kidney failure associated with a given level of eGFR are independently increased in patients with higher levels of proteinuria.
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            Lower estimated GFR and higher albuminuria are associated with adverse kidney outcomes. A collaborative meta-analysis of general and high-risk population cohorts.

            Both a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria are known risk factors for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). To determine their joint contribution to ESRD and other kidney outcomes, we performed a meta-analysis of nine general population cohorts with 845,125 participants and an additional eight cohorts with 173,892 patients, the latter selected because of their high risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the general population, the risk for ESRD was unrelated to eGFR at values between 75 and 105 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) but increased exponentially at lower levels. Hazard ratios for eGFRs averaging 60, 45, and 15 were 4, 29, and 454, respectively, compared with an eGFR of 95, after adjustment for albuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors. Log albuminuria was linearly associated with log ESRD risk without thresholds. Adjusted hazard ratios at albumin-to-creatinine ratios of 30, 300, and 1000 mg/g were 5, 13, and 28, respectively, compared with an albumin-to-creatinine ratio of 5. Albuminuria and eGFR were associated with ESRD, without evidence for multiplicative interaction. Similar associations were found for acute kidney injury and progressive CKD. In high-risk cohorts, the findings were generally comparable. Thus, lower eGFR and higher albuminuria are risk factors for ESRD, acute kidney injury and progressive CKD in both general and high-risk populations, independent of each other and of cardiovascular risk factors.
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              Early recognition and prevention of chronic kidney disease.

              Chronic kidney disease is a common disorder and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Early diagnosis on the basis of presence of proteinuria or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate could permit early intervention to reduce the risks of cardiovascular events, kidney failure, and death that are associated with chronic kidney disease. In developed countries, screening for the disorder is most efficient when targeted at high-risk groups including elderly people and those with concomitant illness (such as diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease) or a family history of chronic kidney disease, although the role of screening in developing countries is not yet clear. Effective strategies are available to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease and reduce cardiovascular risk. Treatment of high blood pressure is recommended for all individuals with, or at risk of, chronic kidney disease. Use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers is preferred for patients with diabetic chronic kidney disease or those with the proteinuric non-diabetic disorder. Glycaemic control can help prevent the onset of early stages of chronic kidney disease in individuals with diabetes. Use of statins and aspirin is beneficial for most patients with chronic kidney disease who are at high cardiovascular risk, although research is needed to ascertain how to best prevent cardiovascular disease in this cohort. Models of care that facilitate delivery of the many complex aspects of treatment simultaneously could enhance management, although effects on clinical outcomes need further assessment. Novel clinical methods to better identify patients at risk of progression to later stages of chronic kidney disease, including kidney failure, are needed to target management to high-risk subgroups. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                hongwei_liu301@sohu.com
                Journal
                Z Gerontol Geriatr
                Z Gerontol Geriatr
                Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0948-6704
                1435-1269
                20 October 2017
                20 October 2017
                2018
                : 51
                : 8
                : 887-894
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1761 8894, GRID grid.414252.4, Department of Geriatric Cardiology, , Chinese PLA General Hospital, ; 28 Fuxing Road, 100853 Beijing, Haidian District China
                [2 ]GRID grid.414889.8, Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, , First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, ; Beijing, China
                Article
                1327
                10.1007/s00391-017-1327-y
                6280809
                29058070
                7edf0adc-5616-40a7-b5f3-9db4d0fb52eb
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 17 December 2016
                : 28 May 2017
                : 22 September 2017
                Categories
                Original Contribution
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2018

                prospective study,aged,chronic kidney disease,risk factors,cardiovascular disease,prospektive studie,alter,chronische niereninsuffizienz,risikofaktoren,herz-kreislauf-erkrankung

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