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      Recent Development of Extremophilic Bacteria and Their Application in Biorefinery

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          Abstract

          The biorefining technology for biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass has made great progress in the world. However, mobilization of laboratory research toward industrial setup needs to meet a series of criteria, including the selection of appropriate pretreatment technology, breakthrough in enzyme screening, pathway optimization, and production technology, etc. Extremophiles play an important role in biorefinery by providing novel metabolic pathways and catalytically stable/robust enzymes that are able to act as biocatalysts under harsh industrial conditions on their own. This review summarizes the potential application of thermophilic, psychrophilic alkaliphilic, acidophilic, and halophilic bacteria and extremozymes in the pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation, and lignin valorization process. Besides, the latest studies on the engineering bacteria of extremophiles using metabolic engineering and synthetic biology technologies for high-efficiency biofuel production are also introduced. Furthermore, this review explores the comprehensive application potential of extremophiles and extremozymes in biorefinery, which is partly due to their specificity and efficiency, and points out the necessity of accelerating the commercialization of extremozymes.

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          Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: Biofuels, platform chemicals & biorefinery concept

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            Lignin valorization through integrated biological funneling and chemical catalysis.

            Lignin is an energy-dense, heterogeneous polymer comprised of phenylpropanoid monomers used by plants for structure, water transport, and defense, and it is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth after cellulose. In production of fuels and chemicals from biomass, lignin is typically underused as a feedstock and burned for process heat because its inherent heterogeneity and recalcitrance make it difficult to selectively valorize. In nature, however, some organisms have evolved metabolic pathways that enable the utilization of lignin-derived aromatic molecules as carbon sources. Aromatic catabolism typically occurs via upper pathways that act as a "biological funnel" to convert heterogeneous substrates to central intermediates, such as protocatechuate or catechol. These intermediates undergo ring cleavage and are further converted via the β-ketoadipate pathway to central carbon metabolism. Here, we use a natural aromatic-catabolizing organism, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, to demonstrate that these aromatic metabolic pathways can be used to convert both aromatic model compounds and heterogeneous, lignin-enriched streams derived from pilot-scale biomass pretreatment into medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs). mcl-PHAs were then isolated from the cells and demonstrated to be similar in physicochemical properties to conventional carbohydrate-derived mcl-PHAs, which have applications as bioplastics. In a further demonstration of their utility, mcl-PHAs were catalytically converted to both chemical precursors and fuel-range hydrocarbons. Overall, this work demonstrates that the use of aromatic catabolic pathways enables an approach to valorize lignin by overcoming its inherent heterogeneity to produce fuels, chemicals, and materials.
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              Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass--An overview.

              Pretreatment is an important step involved in the production of bioethanol from lignocelluosic biomass. Though several pretreatment regimes are available, biological pretreatment seems to be promising being an eco-friendly process and there is no inhibitor generation during the process. In the current scenario there are few limitations in using this strategy for pilot scale process. The first and foremost one is the long incubation time for effective delignification. This can be minimized to an extent by using suitable microbial consortium. There is an urgent need for research and development activities and fine tuning of the process for the development of an economically viable process. This review presents an overview of various aspects of biological pretreatment, enzymes involved in the process, parameters affecting biological pretreatment as well as future perspectives.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Bioeng Biotechnol
                Front Bioeng Biotechnol
                Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
                Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-4185
                12 June 2020
                2020
                : 8
                : 483
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, China
                [2] 2State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , Guangzhou, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Mingjie Jin, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China

                Reviewed by: Zhi-Hua Liu, Texas A & M University, United States; Xinqing Zhao, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

                *Correspondence: Daochen Zhu dczhucn@ 123456hotmail.com

                This article was submitted to Synthetic Biology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                Article
                10.3389/fbioe.2020.00483
                7303364
                32596215
                7f299a8e-5ff6-4ede-967b-2b340eee57a7
                Copyright © 2020 Zhu, Adebisi, Ahmad, Sethupathy, Danso and Sun.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 20 January 2020
                : 27 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 192, Pages: 18, Words: 15363
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China 10.13039/501100002855
                Award ID: 2018YFE0107100
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Award ID: 31772529
                Categories
                Bioengineering and Biotechnology
                Review

                biofuel,biorefinery,extremophiles,extremozymes,synthetic biology

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