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      ESQUEMAS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DE ESPONJAS ARRECIFALES (PORIFERA) DEL NOROCCIDENTE DEL GOLFO DE URABÁ, CARIBE SUR, COLOMBIA Translated title: PATTERNS OF REEF SPONGE DISTRIBUTION IN THE NORTH-WEST URABÁ GULF, SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN, COLOMBIA

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          Abstract

          El costado noroccidental del Golfo de Urabá en el sur del Mar Caribe alberga variadas zonas coralinas sometidas a condiciones de alta turbulencia y salinidad y turbidez fluctuantes. Allí se estudió la composición y densidad de esponjas marinas (Porifera) y se analizó su relación con factores físicos y características estructurales de las zonas coralinas. En total, 65 especies de la clase Demospongiae y una especie de la clase Calcarea fueron registradas dentro de transectos de banda (20 m²) dispuestos en 11 estaciones entre 1 y 17 m de profundidad. La densidad de esponjas en el Urabá tendió a ser superior a la encontrada en otras áreas de condiciones óptimas para el desarrollo arrecifal (ej. Atolones remotos como Roncador, Serrana y Quitasueño, Caribe insular colombiano), posiblemente por un mayor volumen material orgánico en suspensión proveniente de los ríos. No obstante, tal efecto no se reflejó en la riqueza de especies del Golfo de Urabá, ya que solo un número limitado de especies (Niphates erecta, Iotrochota birotulata y Mycale laevis) tuvo densidades elevadas. Análisis multivariados permitieron establecer que la composición de la comunidad de esponjas varía a lo largo del gradiente de profundidad y entre hábitats (zonas coralinas y unidades geomorfológicas) de manera similar a otras áreas coralinas del Caribe. Empero, la existencia de diferencias marcadas en composición taxonómica entre zonas someras (<4 m) y más profundas (>6 m), y el aumento brusco de la densidad a sólo 6 m de profundidad, parecen ser características únicas de Urabá. La ausencia de muchas especies y la baja densidad de esponjas en las zonas someras se pueden deber no sólo a las variables asociadas con la baja profundidad, especialmente la turbulencia, periódicamente muy alta en el área, sino también a grandes fluctuaciones de la salinidad en la superficie por descargas del río Atrato y otros ríos locales. En las estaciones someras y profundas en que la riqueza y densidad de esponjas fue baja, se encontraron las mayores densidades de erizos (especialmente Echinometra viridis), por lo que es posible que estos erizos estén jugando un papel controlador adicional sobre las poblaciones de esponjas.

          Translated abstract

          The North-West of Urabá Gulf in the Southern Caribbean supports a variety of coral reef zones in conditions of high turbulence and fluctuating turbidity and salinity. Sponge composition and density were surveyed and their relationship with physical and structural features of the reef zones were analyzed. In total, 65 demosponges and 1 calcareous sponge species were encountered along belt transects (20 m²) on 11 stations between 1 and 17 m in depth. Sponge density in Urabá tended to be higher than in other areas with water conditions optimal for coral reef development (i.e. Ronacador, Serrana and Quitasueño remote oceanic atolls in the SW Caribbean, Colombia) due possibly to higher concentrations of organic suspended materials discharged from rivers. Nevertheless, this effect was not reflected in the Urabá`s species richness as just a limited number of species (Niphates erecta, Iotrochota birotulata and Mycale laevis) had high densities. Multivariate analyses showed that sponge community composition varies along a depth gradient and across habitats (coral and geomorphological zones), similar to the patterns observed in other Caribbean areas. However, marked taxonomic differences between shallow (<4 m) and deeper (>6 m) zones and the great increase of the sponge density below just 6 m, seem to be a unique feature of Urabá. The absence of many species and the low abundance of sponges in shallow zones (< 6 m) may be due, not only to the variables associated to low depth, like turbulence, which is periodically very b, but also to great fluctuations in surface salinity due to discharges of the Atrato and other local rivers. The shallow and deep stations that had low sponge richness and density, showed the greatest urchin densities (especially Echinometra viridis); therefore, it is possible that these urchins may be playing an additional controlling role on sponge populations.

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          Most cited references47

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          A Practical Strategy for Analysing Multispecies Distribution Patterns

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            Echinoid grazing as a structuring force in coral communities: Whole reef manipulations

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              Interocean differences in size and nutrition of coral reef sponge populations.

              Sponges consume an order of magnitude more organic matter on Caribbean coral reefs than on the Great Barrier Reef. This rate of consumption is attributed to Caribbean sponge biomass being five to six times greater than that on the Great Barrier Reef, on average, and to the absence in the Caribbean of phototrophic sponges, which are a feature of clean water regions of the Great Barrier Reef. The long temporal and spatial separation of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has resulted in the evolution of dissimilar sponge faunas, with Caribbean sponges being heterotrophic, whereas many Great Barrier Reef sponges rely on nutritional input from photosynthetic symbionts.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                mar
                Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - INVEMAR
                Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost.
                INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS Y COSTERAS -JOSE BENITO VIVES DE ANDRÉIS- (INVEMAR) (Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia )
                0122-9761
                December 2003
                : 32
                : 1
                : 37-56
                Affiliations
                [01] Santa Marta orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeros - INVEMAR szae@ 123456invemar.org.co
                Article
                S0122-97612003000100003
                7f466b83-543e-4eb7-9d12-c6a00fe8abfc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 January 2002
                : 20 November 2002
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 20
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Artículos de Investigación

                Low salinity,Sponges,Porifera,Distribution,High turbidity,Esponjas,distribución,Baja salinidad,Alta turbidez

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