Defensive Responses of Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis ) Against Tea Green Leafhopper Attack: A Multi-Omics Study

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Abstract

Tea green leafhopper [ Empoasca ( Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda] is one of the most devastating pests of tea plants ( Camellia sinensis), greatly impacting tea yield and quality. A thorough understanding of the interactions between the tea green leafhopper and the tea plant would facilitate a better pest management. To gain more insights into the molecular and biochemical mechanisms behind their interactions, a combined analysis of the global transcriptome and metabolome reconfiguration of the tea plant challenged with tea green leafhoppers was performed for the first time, complemented with phytohormone analysis. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS), together with quantifications by ultra-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ MS), revealed a marked accumulation of various flavonoid compounds and glycosidically bound volatiles but a great reduction in the level of amino acids and glutathione upon leaf herbivory. RNA-Seq data analysis showed a clear modulation of processes related to plant defense. Genes pertaining to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, plant-pathogen interactions, and the biosynthesis of cuticle wax were significantly up-regulated. In particular, the transcript level for a CER1 homolog involved in cuticular wax alkane formation was most drastically elevated and an increase in C29 alkane levels in tea leaf waxes was observed. The tea green leafhopper attack triggered a significant increase in salicylic acid (SA) and a minor increase in jasmonic acid (JA) in infested tea leaves. Moreover, transcription factors (TFs) constitute a large portion of differentially expressed genes, with several TFs families likely involved in SA and JA signaling being significantly induced by tea green leafhopper feeding. This study presents a valuable resource for uncovering insect-induced genes and metabolites, which can potentially be used to enhance insect resistance in tea plants.

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MassBank: a public repository for sharing mass spectral data for life sciences.

Hisayuki Horai, Masanori Arita, Shigehiko Kanaya … (2010)

MassBank is the first public repository of mass spectra of small chemical compounds for life sciences (<3000 Da). The database contains 605 electron-ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS), 137 fast atom bombardment MS and 9276 electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS(n) data of 2337 authentic compounds of metabolites, 11 545 EI-MS and 834 other-MS data of 10,286 volatile natural and synthetic compounds, and 3045 ESI-MS(2) data of 679 synthetic drugs contributed by 16 research groups (January 2010). ESI-MS(2) data were analyzed under nonstandardized, independent experimental conditions. MassBank is a distributed database. Each research group provides data from its own MassBank data servers distributed on the Internet. MassBank users can access either all of the MassBank data or a subset of the data by specifying one or more experimental conditions. In a spectral search to retrieve mass spectra similar to a query mass spectrum, the similarity score is calculated by a weighted cosine correlation in which weighting exponents on peak intensity and the mass-to-charge ratio are optimized to the ESI-MS(2) data. MassBank also provides a merged spectrum for each compound prepared by merging the analyzed ESI-MS(2) data on an identical compound under different collision-induced dissociation conditions. Data merging has significantly improved the precision of the identification of a chemical compound by 21-23% at a similarity score of 0.6. Thus, MassBank is useful for the identification of chemical compounds and the publication of experimental data. 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Plant hormone-mediated regulation of stress responses

Vivek Verma, Pratibha Ravindran, Prakash Kumar (2016)

Background Being sessile organisms, plants are often exposed to a wide array of abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic stress conditions include drought, heat, cold and salinity, whereas biotic stress arises mainly from bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes and insects. To adapt to such adverse situations, plants have evolved well-developed mechanisms that help to perceive the stress signal and enable optimal growth response. Phytohormones play critical roles in helping the plants to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. The elaborate hormone signaling networks and their ability to crosstalk make them ideal candidates for mediating defense responses. Results Recent research findings have helped to clarify the elaborate signaling networks and the sophisticated crosstalk occurring among the different hormone signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the roles of the major plant hormones in regulating abiotic and biotic stress responses with special focus on the significance of crosstalk between different hormones in generating a sophisticated and efficient stress response. We divided the discussion into the roles of ABA, salicylic acid, jasmonates and ethylene separately at the start of the review. Subsequently, we have discussed the crosstalk among them, followed by crosstalk with growth promoting hormones (gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins). These have been illustrated with examples drawn from selected abiotic and biotic stress responses. The discussion on seed dormancy and germination serves to illustrate the fine balance that can be enforced by the two key hormones ABA and GA in regulating plant responses to environmental signals. Conclusions The intricate web of crosstalk among the often redundant multitudes of signaling intermediates is just beginning to be understood. Future research employing genome-scale systems biology approaches to solve problems of such magnitude will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of plant development. Therefore, discovering additional crosstalk mechanisms among various hormones in coordinating growth under stress will be an important theme in the field of abiotic stress research. Such efforts will help to reveal important points of genetic control that can be useful to engineer stress tolerant crops.

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Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores.

Abdul Rashid War, Michael Paulraj, Tariq Ahmad … (2014)

Plants respond to herbivory through various morphological, biochemicals, and molecular mechanisms to counter/offset the effects of herbivore attack. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by induced responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be engineered genetically, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants against are challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Si Chen: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/567569

Wenna Shan: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/600792

Zhenbiao Yang: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/67424

Xiaomin Yu: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/503104

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Plant Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Plant Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Plant Sci.

Title: Frontiers in Plant Science

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 1664-462X

Publication date (Electronic): 17 January 2020

Publication date Collection: 2019

Volume: 10

Electronic Location Identifier: 1705

Affiliations

[1] ¹College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China

[2] ²FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China

[3] ³Fujian Farming Technology Extension Center , Fuzhou, China

[4] ⁴Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, CA, United States

Author notes

Edited by: Víctor Flors, University of Jaume I, Spain

Reviewed by: Pierre Pétriacq, Université de Bordeaux, France; Jianqiang Wu, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Jordi Gamir, University of Jaume I, Spain

*Correspondence: Zhenbiao Yang, zhenbiao.yang@ 123456ucr.edu ; Xiaomin Yu, xmyu0616@ 123456fafu.edu.cn

This article was submitted to Plant Microbe Interactions, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

†These authors have contributed equally to this work

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01705

PMC ID: 6978701

PubMed ID: 32010173

SO-VID: 7f499228-da9f-4371-81f5-cc33e39cc161

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 18 September 2019

Date accepted : 04 December 2019

Page count

Figures: 5, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 74, Pages: 17, Words: 11114

Funding

Funded by: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University 10.13039/501100008766

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Defensive Responses of Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis) Against Tea Green Leafhopper Attack: A Multi-Omics Study

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Plant MYBs

Most cited references 60

MassBank: a public repository for sharing mass spectral data for life sciences.

Plant hormone-mediated regulation of stress responses

Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores.

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