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      The unequal impact of the coronavirus pandemic: Evidence from seventeen developing countries

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      PLoS ONE
      Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          The current coronavirus pandemic is an unprecedented public health challenge that is having a devastating economic impact on households. Using a sample of 230,540 respondents to an online survey from 17 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, the study shows that the economic impacts are large and unequal: 45 percent of respondents report that a household member has lost their job and, among households owning small businesses, 59 percent of respondents report that a household member has closed their business. Among households with the lowest income prior to the pandemic, 71 percent report that a household member lost their job and 61 percent report that a household member has closed their business. Declines in food security and health are among the disproportionate impacts. The findings provide evidence that the current public health crisis will exacerbate economic inequality and provides some of the first estimates of the impact of the pandemic on the labor market and well-being in developing countries.

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          The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality

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            Coronavirus Perceptions and Economic Anxiety

            We provide one of the first systematic assessments of the development and determinants of economic anxiety at the onset of the coronavirus pandemic. Using a global dataset on internet searches and two representative surveys from the US, we document a substantial increase in economic anxiety during and after the arrival of the coronavirus. We also document a large dispersion in beliefs about the pandemic risk factors of the coronavirus, and demonstrate that these beliefs causally affect individuals' economic anxieties. Finally, we show that individuals' mental models of infectious disease spread understate non-linear growth and shape the extent of economic anxiety.
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              Unequal we stand: An empirical analysis of economic inequality in the United States, 1967–2006

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                2020
                7 October 2020
                7 October 2020
                : 15
                : 10
                : e0239797
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
                [2 ] Research Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, United States of America
                Institute of Economic Growth, INDIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors Bridget Hoffmann and Diego A. Vera-Cossio are employees in the Research Department at the Inter-American Development Bank. The author Nicolas Bottan is employed at Cornell University. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial competing interests to declare. Our affiliations do not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8130-6711
                Article
                PONE-D-20-15019
                10.1371/journal.pone.0239797
                7540865
                33027272
                7f698557-779c-484a-83e4-81316c70566a
                © 2020 Bottan et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 19 May 2020
                : 15 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Pages: 10
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004429, Inter-American Development Bank;
                Award ID: RG-E1700
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004429, Inter-American Development Bank;
                Award ID: RG-E1700
                Award Recipient :
                This project was funded by the Inter-American Development Bank’s Coronavirus research funds (RG-E1700 - Coronavirus survey). The funder provided support in the form of salaries for authors Bridget Hoffmann and Diego Vera-Cossio, and provided funds to cover the cost of recruiting subjects via social media advertising, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.”
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Epidemiology
                Pandemics
                Social Sciences
                Economics
                Economic Analysis
                Economic Impact Analysis
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Survey Research
                Surveys
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Viral Diseases
                Covid 19
                Social Sciences
                Economics
                Labor Economics
                Social Sciences
                Economics
                Labor Economics
                Labor Markets
                Social Sciences
                Economics
                Labor Economics
                Salaries
                Minimum Wage
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                North America
                Caribbean
                Custom metadata
                Replication codes and data for this study have been uploaded to the Harvard Dataverse and can be accessed at: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/7WX5UU.
                COVID-19

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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