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      ESTUDIO COMPUTACIONAL DE LAS MICROGRIETAS, LA APOPTOSIS Y EL ENVEJECIMIENTO EN EL REMODELAMIENTO ÓSEO

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          Abstract

          El proceso biológico de remodelamiento óseo ocurre naturalmente todos los días como un proceso de optimización. El algoritmo de autómatas celulares híbridos fue desarrollado para simular ese proceso funcional adaptativo en el hueso a nivel de tejido. En el algoritmo de autómatas celulares híbridos, los osteocitos se representan por un autómata que detecta estímulo mecánico. Esta metodología se ha utilizado para predecir la adaptación de hueso trabecular a los cambios en su ambiente físico. Adicionalmente a este algoritmo se incorporaron factores a los que se encuentra sometido el hueso, como las microgrietas, apoptosis y envejecimiento celular. Para incorporar estos últimos factores se toman estudios preliminares de otros autores donde las microgrietas se analizan con las leyes de la mecánica de fractura, así como también un análisis del esfuerzo cortante en cada autómata se usó para obtener la simulación de la apoptosis, y para el envejecimiento se empleó una función escalonada de la variación de la densidad promedio. En los resultados obtenidos se encuentran incrementos en la energía de deformación y decrementos en la masa, que son consecuencia directa de la concentración de esfuerzos. Igualmente, se observa que la estructura puede reponerse a los factores mencionados, lo que concuerda con estudios experimentales de algunos autores.

          Translated abstract

          A biological process of bone remodeling happens everyday naturally like an optimization process. Hybrid cellular automaton algorithm was developed to simulate this adaptative functional process at tissue level. In the hybrid cellular automaton algorithm, osteocytes are represented by an automaton that senses the mechanical stimulus. This methodology has been used to predict trabecular bone adaptation according to changes in the physic environment. Natural factors like microcracks, apoptosis, and cell aging are incorporated to the algorithm. To incorporate these last factors, preliminary studies of other authors are taken where microcracks are analyzed by fracture mechanics laws, also shear stress analysis to get apoptosis simulation and for the ageing is used a step function of the media density variation. Results show increments in strain energy and decrements in mass that is direct consequence of the stress concentration. In the same way, is observed that the structure can recover to the effects described, that agrees with the experimental studies of some authors.

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          Most cited references14

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          Is all cortical bone remodeling initiated by microdamage?

          R.B Martin (2002)
          There is increasing interest in the degree to which bone remodeling, particularly in cortical bone, is "targeted" at fatigue microdamage. The theory that microdamage initiates remodeling in close proximity to microcracks, thereby removing them, and that this accounts for a significant fraction of the overall remodeling activity, has been gaining acceptance. However, the association between the initial, resorptive stage of remodeling and microcracks in histologic sections of cortical bone is far from complete; indeed, the great majority of resorption spaces are not spatially associated with microcracks. This observation has maintained support for the older concept that most remodeling occurs primarily for such metabolic purposes as calcium homeostasis. To gain further insight regarding the degree to which microdamage governs remodeling, this study presents a mathematical analysis based on the unorthodox hypothesis that all cortical bone remodeling is initiated by, and in close proximity to, microcracks. Equations are derived showing that, because remodeling basic multicellular units (BMUs) travel several millimeters beyond their point of initiation, the relative numbers of resorption spaces and microcracks found in close spatial proximity or isolated from one another are consistent with the hypothesis. The results also predict the degree to which the spatial association between resorption spaces and microcracks should exceed that due to chance alone. There are as yet very limited experimental data suitable for testing this model, but the existing data closely correspond to the model's predictions.
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            Microcrack growth parameters for compact bone deduced from stiffness variations.

            D. Taylor (1998)
            This paper shows how information on the fatigue behaviour of microcracks can be obtained by the analysis of stiffness changes measured during cyclic loading. Relationships between crack length, growth rate and cyclic stress intensity were deduced, and compared with previous empirical equations. Results show that the crack growth rate decreases rapidly with increasing length; this behaviour is typical of short-crack fatigue in many materials and is interpreted in terms of microstructural barriers to growth. Implications for the role of microcracks in remodelling and adaptation phenomena are discussed.
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              Encoders: Osteoporosis (2006)

              (2024)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rinbi
                Revista Ingeniería Biomédica
                Rev. ing. biomed.
                Fondo Editorial EIA, Escuela de Ingeniería de Antioquia EIA-, Universidad CES
                1909-9762
                December 2008
                : 2
                : 4
                : 67-77
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia
                [2 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia
                Article
                S1909-97622008000200009
                7f8f4715-20f7-4016-9293-d54ad7287305

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1909-9762&lng=en
                Categories
                ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General engineering
                Apoptosis,Envejecimiento celular,Microgrietas,Remodelamiento óseo,Bone remodeling,Cell aging,Functional adaptation,Microcracks,Adaptación funcional

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