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      Pharmaceutical care at discharge for patients with feeding tubes Translated title: Atención farmacéutica al alta para pacientes con sondas de alimentación

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective: to assess and analyse a medication adaptation pathway for feeding tube administration followed by clinical pharmacists for patients at discharge, and to analyse the level of physician acceptance of the recommendations issued by pharmacists in pharmaceutical care reports to improve patient therapy. Methods: a multidisciplinary protocol for treatment adaptation to feeding tube administration at discharge was implemented in a 350-bed hospital during 2019, in which pharmacists prepared feeding tube medication-adaptation reports during pharmaceutical care visits. The number of recommendations related to adaptation of a drug to route of administration was recorded and classified as need for change of active substance or change of pharmaceutical form. Physician acceptance of pharmacist recommendations was analysed in a one-year retrospective observational study. Results: a total of 66 pharmaceutical care visits were recorded for 57 patients (1.2 visits per patient). In 47 of these 66 visits (71.2 %), at least one drug modification was required in a patient prescription, and the median number of drugs per patient needing to be modified was 2. Overall, 93 of the 489 prescribed drugs (19.0 %) required some changes to be suitable for administration via feeding tube: change of active substance in 52.7 % (49/93) of cases, and change of pharmaceutical form in 47.3 % (44/93) of cases. The physicians’ level of acceptance of recommendations was 43.0 % (40/93), and change of pharmaceutical form was less accepted than change of active substance. Conclusion: the inclusion of clinical pharmacists in multidisciplinary teams leads to an improvement in adapting medication to feeding tube administration, but also shows a lack of communication or understanding of pharmacist recommendations by physicians resulting in a low rate of prescription changes.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: evaluar y analizar un circuito de adaptación de la medicación para la administración por sonda de alimentación llevado a cabo por farmacéuticos clínicos para pacientes al alta, y analizar el nivel de aceptación por parte de los médicos de las recomendaciones emitidas por los farmacéuticos en los informes de atención farmacéutica para mejorar la terapia de los pacientes. Métodos: durante el año 2019 se implementó en un hospital de 350 camas un protocolo multidisciplinario de adaptación del tratamiento para la administración por sonda de alimentación al alta, en el cual los farmacéuticos elaboraron informes de adaptación de la medicación por sonda de alimentación durante las visitas de atención farmacéutica. Se registró el número de recomendaciones relacionadas con la adecuación del fármaco a la vía de administración y se clasificaron como necesidad de cambio de principio activo o cambio de forma farmacéutica. La aceptación de las recomendaciones de los farmacéuticos por parte de los médicos se analizó en un estudio observacional retrospectivo de un año. Resultados: se registraron un total de 66 visitas de atención farmacéutica para 57 pacientes (1,2 visitas por paciente). En 47 de estas 66 visitas (71,2 %) se requirió al menos una modificación de medicamentos en la prescripción de los pacientes, y la mediana de medicamentos por paciente que necesitaban modificarse fue de 2. En total, 93 de los 489 medicamentos prescritos (19,0 %) requirió algunos cambios para ser aptos para la administración por sonda: cambio de principio activo en el 52,7 % (49/93) de los casos y cambio de forma farmacéutica en el 47,3 % (44/93) de los casos. El nivel de aceptación de las recomendaciones por parte de los médicos fue del 43,0 % (40/93), siendo menos aceptado el cambio de forma farmacéutica que el cambio de principio activo. Conclusión: la inclusión de farmacéuticos clínicos en equipos multidisciplinarios conduce a una mejora en la adaptación de la medicación a la administración por sonda de alimentación, pero también muestra que existe una falta de comunicación o comprensión de las recomendaciones de los farmacéuticos por parte de los médicos, lo que resulta en una baja tasa de cambios en la prescripción.

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          Food, gastrointestinal pH, and models of oral drug absorption.

          This article reviews the major physiological and physicochemical principles of the effect of food and gastrointestinal (GI) pH on the absorption and bioavailability of oral drugs, and the various absorption models that are used to describe/predict oral drug absorption. The rate and extent of oral drug absorption is determined by a complex interaction between a drug's physicochemical properties, GI physiologic factors, and the nature of the formulation administered. GI pH is an important factor that can markedly affect oral drug absorption and bioavailability as it may have significant influence on drug dissolution & solubility, drug release, drug stability, and intestinal permeability. Different regions of the GI tract have different drug absorptive properties. Thus, the transit time in each GI region and its variability between subjects may contribute to the variability in the rate and/or extent of drug absorption. Food-drug interactions can result in delayed, decreased, increased, and sometimes un-altered drug absorption. Food effects on oral absorption can be achieved by direct and indirect mechanisms. Various models have been proposed to describe oral absorption ranging from empirical models to the more sophisticated "mechanism-based" models. Through understanding of the physicochemical and physiological rate-limiting factors affecting oral absorption, modellers can implement simplified population-based modelling approaches that are less complex than whole-body physiologically-based models but still capture the essential elements in a physiological way and hence will be more suited for population modelling of large clinical data sets. It will also help formulation scientists to better predict formulation performance and to develop formulations that maximize oral bioavailability.
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            Hospital transfers of nursing home residents with advanced dementia.

            To describe diagnoses and factors associated with hospital transfer in nursing home (NH) residents with advanced dementia. Prospective cohort study. Twenty-two Boston, Massachusetts-area NHs. Three hundred twenty-three NH residents with advanced dementia. Data were collected quarterly for up to 18 months. Data regarding transfers were collected with regard to hospitalization or emergency department (ED) visit, diagnosis, and duration of inpatient admission. Information on the occurrence of any acute medical event (pneumonia, febrile episode, or other acute illness) in the prior 90 days was obtained quarterly. Logistic regression conducted at the level of the acute medical event identified characteristics associated with hospital transfer. The entire cohort experienced 74 hospitalizations and 60 ED visits. Suspected infections were the most common reason for hospitalization (44, 59%), most frequently attributable to a respiratory source (30, 41%). Feeding tube-related complications accounted for 47% of ED visits. In adjusted analysis conducted on acute medical events, younger resident age, event type (pneumonia or other event vs febrile episode), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the lack of a do-not-hospitalize (DNH) order (adjusted odds ratio = 5.22, 95% confidence interval = 2.31-11.79) were associated with hospital transfer. The majority of hospitalizations of NH residents with advanced dementia were due to infections and thus were potentially avoidable, because infections are often treatable in the NH. Feeding tube-related complications accounted for almost half of all ED visits, representing a common but underrecognized burden of this intervention. Advance care planning in the form of a DNH order was the only identified modifiable factor associated with avoiding hospitalization. © 2012, Copyright the Authors Journal compilation © 2012, The American Geriatrics Society.
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              Fatality from administration of labetalol and crushed extended-release nifedipine.

              To report a case in which a crushed extended-release (XL) nifedipine tablet contributed to a patient fatality. A 38-year-old woman with multiple medical problems presented to the hospital in acute respiratory distress and was diagnosed with acute pulmonary edema and pneumonia. After initial stabilization, her medications were changed to oral hydralazine, labetalol, and nifedipine XL. These medications were crushed and administered through a nasogastric tube. The patient developed worsening bradycardia with hypotension and experienced asystolic cardiac arrest. She was resuscitated; however, the following morning, another dose of labetalol and nifedipine XL was crushed and administered through the nasogastric tube. She again developed worsening bradycardia with hypotension and ultimately died. The administration of a crushed nifedipine XL tablet resulted in the patient's severe hypotension. The concurrent administration of labetalol prevented a compensatory heart rate increase. The repeat administration of nifedipine XL in the same manner underscores a fundamental problem in healthcare worker communication and drug delivery system comprehension. Use of the Naranjo probability scale indicated a highly probable relationship between the patient's hypotension and the nifedipine and labetalol therapy. Simultaneous administration of a beta-blocker and a calcium-channel blocker may produce synergistic effects. The release characteristics of oral controlled-release medications are destroyed when crushed, resulting in the rapid bioavailability of the total drug amount. The importance of education and communication among nurses, physicians, and pharmacists regarding the mechanism of action of controlled-release medications and their administration needs to be emphasized.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                October 2022
                : 39
                : 5
                : 971-976
                Affiliations
                [1] Marbella Málaga orgnameHospital Costa del Sol orgdiv1Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112022000800003 S0212-1611(22)03900500003
                10.20960/nh.04235
                7fa474a7-a5e9-4866-b22d-fbf417cb4875

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 July 2022
                : 12 May 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Sonda de alimentación,Adaptación de medicación,Seguridad del paciente,Feeding tube,Medication adaptation,Patient safety

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