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      True outcomes for patients on antiretroviral therapy who are "lost to follow-up" in Malawi Translated title: Evolución real de los pacientes sometidos a terapia antirretroviral y perdidos en el seguimiento en Malawi Translated title: Véritables issues du traitement antirétroviral pour les patients considérés comme « perdus de vue » au Malawi

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          Abstract

          PROBLEM: In many resource-poor countries that are scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART), 5-25% of patients are reported as "lost to follow-up". This figure is 9% in Malawi. There is no published information about the true outcome status of these patients. APPROACH: In four facilities in northern Malawi, ART registers and master cards were used to identify patients who had not attended the facility for 3 months or more and were thus registered as "lost to follow-up". Clinic staff attempted to trace these patients and ascertain their true outcome status. LOCAL SETTING: Of 253 patients identified as "lost to follow-up", 127 (50%) were dead, 58% of these having died within 3 months of their last clinic visit. Of the 58 patients (23%) found to be alive, 21 were still receiving ART and 37 had stopped treatment (high transport costs being the main reason for 13 patients). Sixty-eight patients (27%) could not be traced, most commonly because of an incorrect address in the register. Fewer patients were alive and more patients could not be traced from the central hospital compared with the peripheral hospitals. RELEVANT CHANGES:Better documentation of patients’ addresses and prompt follow-up of patients who are late for their appointments are required. LESSONS LEARNED: ART clinics in resource-poor countries should ensure that patients’ addresses are correct and comprehensive. Clinics should also undertake contact tracing as soon as possible in the event of non-attendance, consider facilitating access to ART clinics and take loss to follow-up into consideration when assessing death rates.

          Translated abstract

          PROBLEMA: En muchos países con recursos escasos que están extendiendo masivamente la terapia antirretroviral (TAR) se informa de que un 5%-25% de los pacientes tratados se pierde en el seguimiento. En Malawi el porcentaje es del 9%. No hay datos publicados sobre la verdadera evolución de esos pacientes. MÉTODOS: En cuatro establecimientos del norte de Malawi, se utilizaron los registros de TAR y las tarjetas maestras para identificar a los pacientes que no habían acudido al establecimiento durante 3 o más meses y estaban registrados por tanto como «perdidos en el seguimiento». Trabajadores de esos centros intentaron localizar a los pacientes y evaluar su estado de salud real. CONTEXTO LOCAL: De 253 pacientes identificados como «perdidos en el seguimiento», 127 (50%) habían muerto, el 58% de ellos en los 3 meses siguientes a su última visita al consultorio. De los 58 pacientes (23%) hallados con vida, 21 seguían recibiendo TAR y 37 habían interrumpido el tratamiento (13 de ellos adujeron como causa principal el alto precio de los transportes). Sesenta y ocho pacientes (27%) no pudieron ser localizados, fundamentalmente porque en los registros figuraba una dirección incorrecta. En comparación con los hospitales periféricos, en el caso del hospital central había menos pacientes vivos y más a los que no se pudo localizar. CAMBIOS DESTACABLES: Es necesario registrar mejor las direcciones de los pacientes y reanudar rápidamente el seguimiento de los que falten a las citas concertadas. ENSEÑANZAS RESULTANTES: Los consultorios de TAR de los países de recursos escasos deben procurar que las direcciones de sus pacientes se registren correctamente y sin omisiones. Los consultorios deben adoptar además lo antes posible medidas de localización de contactos en caso de no asistencia, estudiar la manera de facilitar el acceso a los consultorios de TAR, y tener en cuenta las pérdidas en el seguimiento a la hora de evaluar las tasas de mortalidad.

          Translated abstract

          PROBLEMATIQUE: Dans nombre de pays à revenu modeste qui ont entrepris d’étendre le traitement antirétroviral (ART), 5 à 25 % des patients sont signalés comme « perdus de vue ». Ce chiffre est de 9 % pour le Malawi. On ne dispose pas de données publiées sur la véritable issue pour ces patients. DEMARCHE: Dans quatre établissements de la partie nord du Malawi, on a utilisé les livres-registres de délivrance des ART et les cartes maîtresses pour identifier les patients ne s’étant pas rendu dans l’établissement depuis 3 mois ou plus et enregistrés ainsi comme « perdus de vue ». Le personnel clinique s’est attaché à retrouver la trace de ces patients et à déterminer l’issue véritable du traitement dans leur cas. CONTEXTE LOCAL: Sur 253 patients classés comme « perdus de vue », 127 (50 %) étaient morts et parmi ces patients décédés, 58 % avaient perdu la vie dans les 3 mois suivant leur dernière visite au dispensaire. Parmi les 58 patients retrouvés en vie (23 %), 21 prenaient encore des antirétroviraux et 37 avaient interrompu leur traitement (les coûts excessif du transport étant la principale raison de cet arrêt pour 13 d’entre eux). Soixante-huit patients (27 %) n’on pu être retrouvés, le plus souvent à cause de l’inexactitude de l’adresse enregistrée dans leur dossier. Peu des patients perdus de vue étaient encore en vie et le nombre des patients impossibles à retrouver était plus important pour l’hôpital central que pour les établissements périphériques. MODIFICATIONS PERTINENTES: Il convient de relever avec plus de rigueur l’adresse des patients et d’entreprendre rapidement un suivi de ceux qui tardent à se présenter aux rendez-vous. ENSEIGNEMENTS TIRÉS: Les établissements délivrant les traitements ART dans les pays à faible revenu doivent s’assurer de l’exactitude et de la complétude de l’adresse qu’ils enregistrent pour leurs patients. Ils doivent aussi entreprendre dès que possible une recherche des contacts si un patient ne se présente plus aux rendez-vous, envisager de faciliter l’accès au lieu de délivrance du traitement ART et prendre en compte les « perdus de vue » dans l’évaluation des taux de mortalité.

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          Most cited references18

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          Scaling up of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a rural district of Malawi: an effectiveness assessment.

          The recording of outcomes from large-scale, simplified HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) programmes in sub-Saharan Africa is critical. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of such a programme held by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in the Chiradzulu district, Malawi. We scaled up and simplified HAART in this programme since August, 2002. We analysed survival indicators, CD4 count evolution, virological response, and adherence to treatment. We included adults who all started HAART 6 months or more before the analysis. HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load and self-reported adherence were assessed on a subsample of patients, and antiretroviral resistance mutations were analysed in plasma with viral loads greater than 1000 copies per mL. Analysis was by intention to treat. Of the 1308 patients who were eligible, 827 (64%) were female, the median age was 34.9 years (IQR 29.9-41.0), and 1023 (78%) received d4T/3TC/NVP (stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine) as a fixed-dose combination. At baseline, 1266 individuals (97%) were HAART-naive, 357 (27%) were at WHO stage IV, 311 (33%) had a body-mass index of less than 18.5 kg/m2, and 208 (21%) had a CD4 count lower than 50 cells per muL. At follow-up (median 8.3 months, IQR 5.5-13.1), 967 (74%) were still on HAART, 243 (19%) had died, 91 (7%) were lost to follow-up, and seven (0.5%) discontinued treatment. Low body-mass index, WHO stage IV, male sex, and baseline CD4 count lower than 50 cells per muL were independent determinants of death in the first 6 months. At 12 months, the probability of individuals still in care was 0.76 (95% CI 0.73-0.78) and the median CD4 gain was 165 (IQR 67-259) cells per muL. In the cross-sectional survey (n=398), 334 (84%) had a viral load of less than 400 copies per mL. Of several indicators measuring adherence, self-reported poor adherence (<80%) in the past 4 days was the best predictor of detectable viral load (odds ratio 5.4, 95% CI 1.9-15.6). These data show that large numbers of people can rapidly benefit from antiretroviral therapy in rural resource-poor settings and strongly supports the implementation of such large-scale simplified programmes in Africa.
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            Viability and effectiveness of large-scale HIV treatment initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa: experience from western Kenya.

            To determine the clinical and immunological outcomes of a cohort of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Retrospective study of prospectively collected data from consecutively enrolled adult HIV-infected patients in eight HIV clinics in western Kenya. CD4 cell counts, weight, mortality, loss to follow-up and adherence to antiretroviral therapy were collected for the 2059 HIV-positive non-pregnant adult patients treated with antiretroviral drugs between November 2001 and February 2005. Median duration of follow-up after initiation of antiretroviral therapy was 40 weeks (95% confidence interval, 38-43); 111 patients (5.4%) were documented as deceased and 505 (24.5%) were lost to follow-up. Among 1766 (86%) evaluated for adherence to their antiretroviral regimen, 78% reported perfect adherence at every visit. Although patients with and without perfect adherence gained weight, patients with less than perfect adherence gained 1.04 kg less weight than those reporting perfect adherence (P = 0.059). CD4 cell counts increased by a mean of 109 cells/microl during the first 6 weeks of therapy and increased more slowly thereafter, resulting in overall CD4 cell count increases of 160, 225 and 297 cells/microl at 12, 24, and 36 months respectively. At 1 year, a mean increase of 170 cells/microl was seen among patients reporting perfect adherence compared with 123 cells/microl among those reporting some missed doses (P < 0.001). Antiretroviral treatment of adult Kenyans in this cohort resulted in significant and persistent clinical and immunological benefit. These findings document the viability and effectiveness of large-scale HIV treatment initiatives in resource-limited settings.
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              Antiretroviral therapy in a thousand patients with AIDS in Haiti.

              The one-year survival rate of adults and children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), without antiretroviral therapy, has been about 30 percent in Haiti. Antiretroviral therapy has recently become available in Haiti and in other developing countries. Data on the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in developing countries are limited. High rates of coinfection with tropical diseases and tuberculosis, along with malnutrition and limited laboratory monitoring of therapy, may decrease the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in these countries. We studied the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in the first 1004 consecutive patients with AIDS and without previous antiretroviral therapy who were treated beginning in March 2003 in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. During a 14-month period, three-drug antiretroviral therapy was initiated in 1004 patients, including 94 children under 13 years of age. At enrollment, the median CD4 T-cell count in adults and adolescents was 131 per cubic millimeter (interquartile range, 55 to 211 per cubic millimeter); in children, a median of 13 percent of T cells were CD4-positive (interquartile range, 8 to 20 percent). According to a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, 87 percent of adults and adolescents and 98 percent of children were alive one year after beginning treatment. In a subgroup of 100 adult and adolescent patients who were followed for 48 to 56 weeks, 76 patients had fewer than 400 copies of human immunodeficiency virus RNA per milliliter. In adults and adolescents, the median increase in the CD4 T-cell count from baseline to 12 months was 163 per cubic millimeter (interquartile range, 77 to 251 per cubic millimeter). In children, the median percentage of CD4 T cells rose from 13 percent at baseline to 26 percent (interquartile range, 22 to 36 percent) at 12 months. Treatment-limiting toxic effects occurred in 102 of the 910 adults and adolescents (11 percent) and 5 of the 94 children (5 percent). This report documents the feasibility of effective antiretroviral therapy in a large number of patients in an impoverished country. Overall, the outcomes are similar to those in the United States. These results provide evidence in support of international efforts to make antiretroviral therapy available to patients with AIDS in developing countries. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                July 2007
                : 85
                : 7
                : 550-554
                Affiliations
                [01] Mzuzu orgnameMzuzu Central Hospital orgdiv1Taiwan Medical Mission to Malawi Malawi
                [03] Lilongwe orgnameMinistry of Health orgdiv1Clinical HIV Unit Malawi
                [02] Pingtung Taiwan orgnamePingtung Christian Hospital orgdiv1International Medical Cooperation and Development Center China
                Article
                S0042-96862007000700013 S0042-9686(07)08500713
                10.2471/BLT.06.037739
                17768504
                7faf1ec2-b166-4b25-9df1-6b90c287eb87

                History
                : 02 February 2007
                : 17 October 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 10, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Lessons from the Field

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