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      Porous Lactose as a Novel Ingredient Carrier for the Improvement of Quercetin Solubility In Vitro

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          Abstract

          In this work, quercetin was loaded in the highly-porous lactose via the adsorption of quercetin molecules in ethanol. The method aims to improve the quercetin solubility and the loading capacity of lactose. The method relates to the synthesis of the highly-porous lactose with a particle size of ∼35  μm, a mean pore width of ∼30 nm, a BET surface area of 35.0561 ± 0.4613 m 2/g, and a BJH pore volume of ∼0.075346 cc/g. After the quercetin loading in ethanol, BET surface area and BJH pore volume of porous lactose were reduced to 28.8735 ± 0.3526 m 2/g and 0.073315 cc/g, respectively. The reduction rate was based on the quercetin loading efficiency of highly-porous lactose. DSC analysis and XRD analysis suggest that the sediments of quercetin in the nanopores of porous lactose are crystalline. FTIR spectroscopy results suggest that there is no significant interaction between quercetin and lactose. The highly-porous lactose had a higher loading efficiency of 20.3% (w/w) compared to the α-lactose (with 5.2% w/w). The release rates of quercetin from the highly-porous lactose tablets were faster compared to the conventional α-lactose carrier.

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          Most cited references29

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          Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity

          In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. This review focuses on the physicochemical properties, dietary sources, absorption, bioavailability and metabolism of quercetin, especially main effects of quercetin on inflammation and immune function. According to the results obtained both in vitro and in vivo, good perspectives have been opened for quercetin. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of quercetin on inflammation and immunity.
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            Health effects of quercetin: from antioxidant to nutraceutical.

            Quercetin, a member of the flavonoids family, is one of the most prominent dietary antioxidants. It is ubiquitously present in foods including vegetables, fruit, tea and wine as well as countless food supplements and is claimed to exert beneficial health effects. This includes protection against various diseases such as osteoporosis, certain forms of cancer, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases but also against aging. Especially the ability of quercetin to scavenge highly reactive species such as peroxynitrite and the hydroxyl radical is suggested to be involved in these possible beneficial health effects. Consequently, numerous studies have been performed to gather scientific evidence for these beneficial health claims as well as data regarding the exact mechanism of action and possible toxicological aspects of this flavonoid. The purpose of this review is to evaluate these studies in order to elucidate the possible health-beneficial effects of the antioxidant quercetin. Firstly, the definitions as well as the most important aspects regarding free radicals, antioxidants and oxidative stress will be discussed as background information. Subsequently, the mechanism by which quercetin may operate as an antioxidant (tested in vitro) as well as the potential use of this antioxidant as a nutraceutical (tested both ex vivo and in vivo) will be discussed.
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              Anticancer potential of quercetin: A comprehensive review

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Bioinorg Chem Appl
                Bioinorg Chem Appl
                bca
                Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications
                Hindawi
                1565-3633
                1687-479X
                2021
                27 August 2021
                : 2021
                : 2586990
                Affiliations
                1Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha 410005, China
                2Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Metabonomics, Changsha 410005, China
                3Department of Pharmacy, Medical School of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
                4Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Health College, Fuzhou 350101, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Songwen Tan

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-0761
                Article
                10.1155/2021/2586990
                8418546
                34490051
                7fb5a9d1-4a3e-473a-ad9d-31c8d69e1081
                Copyright © 2021 Wen Liu et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 4 August 2021
                : 16 August 2021
                Categories
                Research Article

                Biochemistry
                Biochemistry

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