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      Nutrición y fertilidad Translated title: Nutrition and fertility

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: en las últimas décadas se ha observado un incremento en la prevalencia de infertilidad en la población. Numerosos estudios constatan que la situación nutricional juega un papel clave en la fertilidad. Objetivo: analizar los factores nutricionales que pueden influir en la fertilidad en la mujer y en el hombre. Material y métodos: se ha realizado una revisión sobre los factores nutricionales que tienen mayor influencia en la fertilidad masculina y en la femenina. Resultados: existen diversos factores asociados con la infertilidad, tales como la edad avanzada, la presencia de alteraciones estructurales en el aparato reproductor y enfermedades como la obesidad, la contaminación ambiental y el estilo de vida. En relación con la alimentación, se destaca que la ingesta en exceso de grasas saturadas, ácidos grasos trans y proteínas de origen animal podría tener un efecto perjudicial en la fertilidad, mientras que la ingesta de hidratos de carbono complejos, fibra, grasas monoinsaturadas y ácidos grasos omega-3 podría tener un efecto beneficioso. Asimismo, es indispensable tener un aporte adecuado de ácido fólico, B12, vitaminas A, D, C y E, calcio, hierro, zinc, selenio y yodo para evitar problemas en la fertilidad. Conclusión: la prevención y el tratamiento de las alteraciones de la fertilidad en la mujer y en el hombre deben contemplar el abordaje nutricional, dada su importancia en la reproducción.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: in recent decades, there has been an increase in the prevalence of infertility in the population. Numerous studies confirm that the nutritional status plays a key role in fertility. Objective: analyze the nutritional factors that may influence the fertility in men and women. Material and methods: a review was performed on the nutritional factors that may influence male and female fertility. Results: there are several factors associated with infertility such as advanced age, the presence of structural alterations in the reproductive system and diseases, environmental pollution and lifestyle. In relation to the diet, it is emphasized that the high intake of saturated fats, trans fatty acids, proteins of animal origin, could have a detrimental effect on fertility, whilst the intake of complex carbohydrates, fibre, monounsaturated fats and omega-3 fatty acids could have a benefit effect. Also, it is essential provide an adequate intake of folic acid, B12, vitamin A, D, C y E, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium and iodine to prevent impairments in fertility. Conclusion: the prevention and treatment of fertility impairment in women and men should consider the nutritional approach given its importance in the reproduction.

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          Most cited references21

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          The adverse effects of obesity on conception and implantation.

          Whilst many multiparous women are obese (body mass index >30 kg/m(2)), obesity has been associated with impaired fecundity; however, the mechanism which links obesity to reduced fertility remains to be fully elucidated. Obese women, particularly those with central obesity, are less likely to conceive per cycle. Obese women suffer perturbations to the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, menstrual cycle disturbance and are up to three times more likely to suffer oligo-/anovulation. A fine hormonal balance regulates follicular development and oocyte maturation, and it has been observed that obesity can alter the hormonal milieu. Leptin, a hormone produced by adipocytes, is elevated in obese women, and raised leptin has been associated with impaired fecundity. Obesity impairs ovulation but has also been observed to detrimentally affect endometrial development and implantation. The expression of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is regulated, in part, by weight, and so obese women with PCOS often have a more severe phenotype and experience more subfertility. Obesity also impairs the response of women to assisted conception treatments. Weight loss through lifestyle modification or bariatric surgery has been demonstrated to restore menstrual cyclicity and ovulation and improve the likelihood of conception. In this article, we will discuss the effect of obesity upon key reproductive mechanisms and its relation to fertility treatments.
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            Diet and fertility: a review

            The literature on the relationship between diet and human fertility has greatly expanded over the last decade, resulting in the identification of a few clear patterns. Intake of supplemental folic acid, particularly at doses higher than those recommended for the prevention of neural tube defects, has been consistently related to lower frequency of infertility, lower risk of pregnancy loss, and greater success in infertility treatment. On the other hand and despite promising evidence from animal models, vitamin D does not appear to exert an important role in human fertility in the absence of deficiency. Antioxidant supplementation does not appear to offer any benefits to women undergoing infertility treatment, but it appears to be beneficial when it is the male partner who is supplemented. However, the available evidence does not allow discerning which specific antioxidants, or at which doses, are responsible for this benefit. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids appear to improve female fertility, although it remains unclear to what extent contamination of shared food sources, such as fish with high levels of environmental toxicants, can dampen this benefit. Lastly, adherence to healthy diets favoring seafood, poultry, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are related to better fertility in women and better semen quality in men. The cumulative evidence has also piled against popular hypotheses. Dairy and soy, once proposed as reproductive toxicants, have not been consistently related to poor fertility. In fact, soy and soy supplements appear to exert a beneficial effect among women undergoing infertility treatment. Similarly, because data from large, high-quality studies continue to accumulate, the evidence of a potentially deleterious effect of moderate alcohol and caffeine intake on the ability to become pregnant seems less solid than it once did. While a complete picture of the role of nutrition on fertility is far from complete, much progress has been made. The most salient gaps in the current evidence include jointly considering female and male diets and testing the most consistent findings in randomized trials.
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              Dietary fat and semen quality among men attending a fertility clinic.

              The objective of this study was to examine the relation between dietary fats and semen quality parameters. Data from 99 men with complete dietary and semen quality data were analyzed. Fatty acid levels in sperm and seminal plasma were measured using gas chromatography in a subgroup of men (n = 23). Linear regression was used to determine associations while adjusting for potential confounders. Men were primarily Caucasian (89%) with a mean (SD) age of 36.4 (5.3) years; 71% were overweight or obese; and 67% were never smokers. Higher total fat intake was negatively related to total sperm count and concentration. Men in the highest third of total fat intake had 43% (95% confidence interval (CI): 62-14%) lower total sperm count and 38% (95% CI: 58-10%) lower sperm concentration than men in the lowest third (P(trend) = 0.01). This association was driven by intake of saturated fats. Levels of saturated fatty acids in sperm were also negatively related to sperm concentration (r= -0.53), but saturated fat intake was unrelated to sperm levels (r = 0.09). Higher intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fats was related to a more favorable sperm morphology. Men in the highest third of omega-3 fatty acids had 1.9% (0.4-3.5%) higher normal morphology than men in the lowest third (P(trend) = 0.02). In this preliminary cross-sectional study, high intake of saturated fats was negatively related to sperm concentration whereas higher intake of omega-3 fats was positively related to sperm morphology. Further, studies with larger samples are now required to confirm these findings.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2018
                : 35
                : spe6
                : 7-10
                Affiliations
                [1] Villanueva de la Cañada Madrid orgnameUniversidad Alfonso X el Sabio orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Nutrición Humana y Dietética Spain
                [2] Madrid Madrid orgnameUniversidad Complutense de Madrid orgdiv1Grupo de investigación Valornut-UCM (920030) Spain
                [3] Madrid Madrid orgnameUniversidad Complutense de Madrid orgdiv1Facultad de Farmacia orgdiv2Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112018001200003 S0212-1611(18)03500600003
                10.20960/nh.2279
                30351153
                7fc4e010-a2b2-42b3-b248-edd823557eee

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 4
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Bajo peso,Fertilidad,Obesity,Obesidad,Fertility,Nutrientes,Diet,Nutrients,Dieta,Underweight

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