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      Aberrant impulse control circuitry in obesity

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          Abstract

          The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) circuit has been implicated in impulsive reward-seeking. This disinhibition has been implicated in obesity and often manifests as binge eating, which is associated with worse treatment outcomes and comorbidities. It remains unclear whether the vmPFC-NAc circuit is perturbed in impulsive eaters with obesity. Initially, we analyzed publicly available, high-resolution, normative imaging data to localize where vmPFC structural connections converged within the NAc. These structural connections were found to converge ventromedially in the presumed NAc shell subregion. We then analyzed multimodal clinical and imaging data to test the a priori hypothesis that the vmPFC-NAc shell circuit is linked to obesity in a sample of female participants that regularly engaged in impulsive eating (i.e., binge eating). Functionally, vmPFC-NAc shell resting-state connectivity was inversely related to body mass index (BMI) and decreased in the obese state. Structurally, vmPFC-NAc shell structural connectivity and vmPFC thickness were inversely correlated with BMI; obese binge-prone participants exhibited decreased vmPFC-NAc structural connectivity and vmPFC thickness. Finally, to examine a causal link to binge eating, we directly probed this circuit in one binge-prone obese female using NAc deep brain stimulation in a first-in-human trial. Direct stimulation of the NAc shell subregion guided by local behaviorally relevant electrophysiology was associated with a decrease in number of weekly episodes of uncontrolled eating and decreased BMI. This study unraveled vmPFC-NAc shell circuit aberrations in obesity that can be modulated to restore control over eating behavior in obesity.

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          Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.

          In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
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            FSL.

            FSL (the FMRIB Software Library) is a comprehensive library of analysis tools for functional, structural and diffusion MRI brain imaging data, written mainly by members of the Analysis Group, FMRIB, Oxford. For this NeuroImage special issue on "20 years of fMRI" we have been asked to write about the history, developments and current status of FSL. We also include some descriptions of parts of FSL that are not well covered in the existing literature. We hope that some of this content might be of interest to users of FSL, and also maybe to new research groups considering creating, releasing and supporting new software packages for brain image analysis. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL.

              The techniques available for the interrogation and analysis of neuroimaging data have a large influence in determining the flexibility, sensitivity, and scope of neuroimaging experiments. The development of such methodologies has allowed investigators to address scientific questions that could not previously be answered and, as such, has become an important research area in its own right. In this paper, we present a review of the research carried out by the Analysis Group at the Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB). This research has focussed on the development of new methodologies for the analysis of both structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging data. The majority of the research laid out in this paper has been implemented as freely available software tools within FMRIB's Software Library (FSL).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                casey.halpern@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
                Journal
                Mol Psychiatry
                Mol Psychiatry
                Molecular Psychiatry
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                1359-4184
                1476-5578
                14 June 2022
                14 June 2022
                : 1-11
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.25879.31, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8972, Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania Hospital, Perelman School of Medicine, , University of Pennsylvania, ; Philadelphia, PA USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.168010.e, ISNI 0000000419368956, Department of Neurosurgery, , Stanford University School of Medicine, ; Stanford, CA USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.25879.31, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8972, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, , University of Pennsylvania, ; Philadelphia, PA USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.168010.e, ISNI 0000000419368956, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, , Stanford University School of Medicine, ; Stanford, CA USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.168010.e, ISNI 0000000419368956, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, , Stanford University School of Medicine, ; Stanford, CA USA
                [6 ]GRID grid.467095.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2237 7915, Department of Specialized Medicine, , Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, The Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [7 ]GRID grid.25879.31, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8972, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, , University of Pennsylvania, ; Philadelphia, PA USA
                [8 ]GRID grid.168010.e, ISNI 0000000419368956, Department of Radiology, , Stanford University School of Medicine, ; Stanford, CA USA
                [9 ]GRID grid.410355.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0420 350X, Department of Surgery, , Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, ; PA Philadelphia, USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7272-1446
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6824-4368
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5428-5211
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3907-216X
                Article
                1640
                10.1038/s41380-022-01640-5
                9192250
                35697760
                7fc88cf6-fca3-483c-8ba6-d5c52281bdbe
                © This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 26 March 2022
                : 11 May 2022
                : 18 May 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000065, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS);
                Award ID: UH3 NS103446-01A1
                Award ID: R01 NS095985
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000025, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH);
                Award ID: K23 MH106794
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article

                Molecular medicine
                neuroscience,psychiatric disorders
                Molecular medicine
                neuroscience, psychiatric disorders

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