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      The COVID-19 Pandemic: a Call to Action to Identify and Address Racial and Ethnic Disparities

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          Abstract

          The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted and devastated the world. As the infection spreads, the projected mortality and economic devastation are unprecedented. In particular, racial and ethnic minorities may be at a particular disadvantage as many already assume the status of a marginalized group. Black Americans have a long-standing history of disadvantage and are in a vulnerable position to experience the impact of this crisis and the myth of Black immunity to COVID-19 is detrimental to promoting and maintaining preventative measures. We are the first to present the earliest available data in the peer-reviewed literature on the racial and ethnic distribution of COVID-19-confirmed cases and fatalities in the state of Connecticut. We also seek to explode the myth of Black immunity to the virus. Finally, we call for a National Commission on COVID-19 Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities to further explore and respond to the unique challenges that the crisis presents for Black and Brown communities.

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          Cardiovascular Health in African Americans: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

          George Howard, Michelle A Albert, Cheryl Anderson … (2017)
          Population-wide reductions in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality have not been shared equally by African Americans. The burden of cardiovascular disease in the African American community remains high and is a primary cause of disparities in life expectancy between African Americans and whites. The objectives of the present scientific statement are to describe cardiovascular health in African Americans and to highlight unique considerations for disease prevention and management.
          Article 0 comments Cited 367 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Stroke in a biracial population: the excess burden of stroke among blacks.

            Jerzy Szaflarski, Michael Gebel, Arthur Pancioli … (2004)
            Excess mortality resulting from stroke is an important reason why blacks have higher age-adjusted mortality rates than whites. This observation has 2 possible explanations: Strokes occur more commonly among blacks or blacks have higher mortality rates after stroke. Our population-based epidemiological study is set in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky region of 1.31 million people, which is representative of the US white and black populations with regard to many demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Hospitalized cases were ascertained by International Classification of Diseases (ninth revision) discharge codes, prospective screening of emergency department admission logs, and review of coroner's cases. A sampling scheme was used to ascertain cases in the out-of-hospital setting. All potential cases underwent detailed chart abstraction by study nurses, followed by physician review. Race-specific incidence and case fatality rates were calculated. We identified 3136 strokes during the study period (January 1, 1993, to June 30, 1994). Stroke incidence rates were higher for blacks at every age, with the greatest risk (2- to 5-fold) seen in young and middle-aged blacks (<65 years of age). Case fatality rates did not differ significantly in blacks compared with whites. Applying the resulting age- and race-specific rates to the US population in 2002, we estimate that 705,000 to 740,000 strokes have occurred in the United States, with a minimum of 616,000 cerebral infarctions, 67,000 intracerebral hemorrhages, and 22,000 subarachnoid hemorrhages. Excess stroke-related mortality in blacks is due to higher stroke incidence rates, particularly in the young and middle-aged. This excess burden of stroke incidence among blacks represents one of the most serious public health problems facing the United States.
            Article 0 comments Cited 80 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              For blacks in America, the gap in neighborhood poverty has declined faster than segregation.

              Glenn Firebaugh, Francesco Acciai (2016)
              Black residential segregation has been declining in the United States. That accomplishment rings hollow, however, if blacks continue to live in much poorer neighborhoods than other Americans. This study uses census data for all US metropolitan areas in 1980 and 2010 to compare decline in the neighborhood poverty gap between blacks and other Americans with decline in the residential segregation of blacks. We find that both declines resulted primarily from narrowing differences between blacks and whites as opposed to narrowing differences between blacks and Hispanics or blacks and Asians. Because black-white differences in neighborhood poverty declined much faster than black-white segregation, the neighborhood poverty disadvantage of blacks declined faster than black segregation-a noteworthy finding because the narrowing of the racial gap in neighborhood poverty for blacks has gone largely unnoticed. Further analysis reveals that the narrowing of the gap was produced by change in both the medians and shapes of the distribution of poverty across the neighborhoods where blacks, whites, Hispanics, and Asians reside.
              Article 0 comments Cited 45 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Cato T. Laurencin: laurencin@uchc.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Racial Ethn Health Disparities
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Racial Ethn Health Disparities
                Title: Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Print): 2197-3792
                ISSN (Electronic): 2196-8837
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 April 2020
                Pages: 1-5
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.208078.5, ISNI 0000000419370394, Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, , UConn Health, ; Farmington, CT 06030 USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.63054.34, ISNI 0000 0001 0860 4915, The Africana Studies Institute, , University of Connecticut, ; Storrs, CT 06269 USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 756
                DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00756-0
                PMC ID: 7166096
                PubMed ID: 31410785
                SO-VID: 7ff1f2f5-7fde-4e1d-b734-486396c9c1a5
                Copyright © © W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute 2020
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 2 April 2020
                Date revision received : 2 April 2020
                Date accepted : 3 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: coronavirus,covid-19,pandemic,race,ethnicity,disparity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: coronavirus, covid-19, pandemic, race, ethnicity, disparity

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