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      Risk Factors and Etiologies of Ischemic Strokes in Young Patients: A Tertiary Hospital Study in North India

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          Abstract

          Background and Purpose

          Stroke in young adults has a special significance in developing countries, as it affects the most economically productive group of the society. We identified the risk factors and etiologies of young patients who suffered ischemic strokes and were admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in North India.

          Methods

          A retrospective review of case records from patients with ischemic stroke in the age range of 18-45 years was conducted from 2005 to 2010. Data regarding patients' clinical profiles, medical histories, diagnostic test results, and modified Rankin Scale scores at hospital discharge were examined. Stroke subtyping was conducted in accordance with the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria.

          Results

          Of the 2,634 patients admitted for ischemic stroke, 440 (16.7%) were in the 18-45 year age range and the majority (83.4%) were male. The most common risk factors were hypertension (34.4%) and dyslipidemia (26.5%). The most common subtype of stroke was undetermined (57%), followed by other determined causes (17.3%). Among the category of undetermined etiology, incomplete evaluation was the most common. Most of the patients demonstrated good functional outcomes.

          Conclusions

          Young adults account for 16.7% of all stroke patients in North India. Risk factors are relatively prevalent, and a high proportion of the patients are categorized under undetermined and other determined causes. The results highlight the needs for aggressive management of traditional risk factors and extensive patient work-ups to identify stroke etiology in India.

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          Most cited references24

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          Analysis of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15 to 49 with first-ever ischemic stroke: the Helsinki young stroke registry.

          To analyze trends in occurrence, risk factors, etiology, and neuroimaging features of ischemic stroke in young adults in a large cohort. We evaluated all 1008 consecutive ischemic stroke patients aged 15 to 49 admitted to Helsinki University Central Hospital, 1994 to 2007. Etiology was classified by Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. Comparisons were done between groups stratified by gender and age. Estimated annual occurrence was 10.8/100,000 (range 8.4 to 13.0), increasing exponentially with aging. Of our 628 male and 380 female (ratio 1.7:1) patients, females were preponderant among those 44 clearly had more risk factors. Cardioembolism (20%) and cervicocerebral artery dissection (15%) were the most frequent etiologic subgroups. Proportions of large-artery atherosclerosis (8%) and small-vessel disease (14%) began to enlarge at age 35, whereas frequency of undetermined etiology (33%) decreased along aging. Posterior circulation infarcts were more common among patients <45 years of age. Left hemisphere infarcts were more frequent in general. There were 235 (23%) patients with multiple and 126 (13%) with silent infarcts, and 55 (5%) patients had leukoaraiosis. The frequency of ischemic stroke increases sharply at age 40. Etiology and risk factors start resembling those seen in the elderly in early midlife but causes defined in younger patients still are frequent in those aged 45 to 49. Subclinical infarcts were surprisingly common in the young.
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            Stroke epidemiology in the developing world.

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              Trends in stroke hospitalizations and associated risk factors among children and young adults, 1995-2008.

              The aim of this study was to determine acute stroke hospitalization rates for children and young adults and the prevalence of stroke risk factors among children and young adults hospitalized for acute stroke. The study population consisted of 1995-2008 hospitalizations from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke hospitalizations were identified by the primary International Classification of Diseases, 9th ed, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code. Seven consecutive 2-year time intervals were selected. Three age groups were utilized: 5 to 14 years, 15 to 34 years, and 35 to 44 years. Stroke risk factors and comorbidities among those hospitalized with acute stroke were identified by secondary ICD-9-CM codes. During the period of study, the prevalence of hospitalizations of acute ischemic stroke increased among all age and gender groups except females aged 5 to 14 years. Females aged 15 to 34 years and males and females aged 35 to 44 years showed a decrease in the prevalence of hospitalizations for subarachnoid hemorrhage, whereas females aged 5 to 14 years showed increases for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, lipid disorders, and tobacco use were among the most common coexisting conditions, and their prevalence increased from 1995 to 2008 among adolescents and young adults (aged 15-44 years) hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke. Increases in the prevalence of ischemic stroke hospitalizations and coexisting traditional stroke risk factors and health risk behaviors were identified among acute ischemic stroke hospitalizations in young adults. Our results from national surveillance data accentuate the need for public health initiatives to reduce risk factors for stroke among adolescents and young adults. Copyright © 2011 American Neurological Association.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Stroke
                J Stroke
                JOS
                Journal of Stroke
                Korean Stroke Society
                2287-6391
                2287-6405
                September 2014
                30 September 2014
                : 16
                : 3
                : 173-177
                Affiliations
                Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Madakasira Vasantha Padma. Department of Neurology, Room No 708, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. Tel: +91-26594794, 26588700/26589900 Ext: 4794, vasanthapadma123@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                10.5853/jos.2014.16.3.173
                4200587
                25328875
                7ff9b0d3-ddd8-44ce-a38a-2f6692b574c7
                Copyright © 2014 Korean Stroke Society

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 January 2014
                : 05 August 2014
                : 06 August 2014
                Categories
                Original Article

                young adult,ischemic stroke,india,toast classification
                young adult, ischemic stroke, india, toast classification

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