Role of melatonin receptors in the effect of estrogen on brain edema, intracranial pressure and expression of aquaporin 4 after traumatic brain injury

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Abstract

Objective(s):

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and disability in modern societies. The role of steroids and melatonin is recognized as a neuroprotective factor in traumatic injuries. This study examined the role of melatonin receptors in the neuroprotective effects of estrogen.

Materials and Methods:

Seventy female ovariectomized Wistar rats were divided into five groups and two subgroups. All animals underwent brain trauma. The groups were as follow: 1) trauma, 2) melatonin receptor antagonist vehicle + estrogen, 3) MT1 melatonin receptor antagonist + estrogen, 4) MT2 melatonin receptor antagonist+ estrogen, 5) MT3 melatonin receptor antagonist+ estrogen. Brain edema (24 hr), intracranial pressure (ICP) (-1, 0, 1, 4 and 24 hr) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability (5 hr) and aquaporin (AQP4) expression (24 hr) were evaluated after TBI.

Results:

MT1, MT2 and MT3 melatonin receptors had anti-edema effects while MT1 and MT2 have a role in protecting BBB by estrogen. Furthermore, the activity of MT3 and MT2 melatonin receptors weakened the effect of estrogen on ICP. However, melatonin receptors had no role in the effect of estrogen on AQP4 protein.

Conclusion:

Based on the above results, it seems that melatonin receptors appear to influence the effect of estrogen in TBI without altering AQP4 expression. The role of the receptors is different in this interaction.

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Most cited references 42

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Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies.

Kathryn E Saatman, Ann-Christine Duhaime, Ross Bullock … (2008)

The heterogeneity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered one of the most significant barriers to finding effective therapeutic interventions. In October, 2007, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, with support from the Brain Injury Association of America, the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, and the National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research, convened a workshop to outline the steps needed to develop a reliable, efficient and valid classification system for TBI that could be used to link specific patterns of brain and neurovascular injury with appropriate therapeutic interventions. Currently, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the primary selection criterion for inclusion in most TBI clinical trials. While the GCS is extremely useful in the clinical management and prognosis of TBI, it does not provide specific information about the pathophysiologic mechanisms which are responsible for neurological deficits and targeted by interventions. On the premise that brain injuries with similar pathoanatomic features are likely to share common pathophysiologic mechanisms, participants proposed that a new, multidimensional classification system should be developed for TBI clinical trials. It was agreed that preclinical models were vital in establishing pathophysiologic mechanisms relevant to specific pathoanatomic types of TBI and verifying that a given therapeutic approach improves outcome in these targeted TBI types. In a clinical trial, patients with the targeted pathoanatomic injury type would be selected using an initial diagnostic entry criterion, including their severity of injury. Coexisting brain injury types would be identified and multivariate prognostic modeling used for refinement of inclusion/exclusion criteria and patient stratification. Outcome assessment would utilize endpoints relevant to the targeted injury type. Advantages and disadvantages of currently available diagnostic, monitoring, and assessment tools were discussed. Recommendations were made for enhancing the utility of available or emerging tools in order to facilitate implementation of a pathoanatomic classification approach for clinical trials.

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A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part I: Pathophysiology and biomechanics.

A Marmarou, M. A. Foda, W Van den Brink … (1994)

This report describes the development of an experimental head injury model capable of producing diffuse brain injury in the rodent. A total of 161 anesthetized adult rats were injured utilizing a simple weight-drop device consisting of a segmented brass weight free-falling through a Plexiglas guide tube. Skull fracture was prevented by cementing a small stainless-steel disc on the calvaria. Two groups of rats were tested: Group 1, consisting of 54 rats, to establish fracture threshold; and Group 2, consisting of 107 animals, to determine the primary cause of death at severe injury levels. Data from Group 1 animals showed that a 450-gm weight falling from a 2-m height (0.9 kg-m) resulted in a mortality rate of 44% with a low incidence (12.5%) of skull fracture. Impact was followed by apnea, convulsions, and moderate hypertension. The surviving rats developed decortication flexion deformity of the forelimbs, with behavioral depression and loss of muscle tone. Data from Group 2 animals suggested that the cause of death was due to central respiratory depression; the mortality rate decreased markedly in animals mechanically ventilated during the impact. Analysis of mathematical models showed that this mass-height combination resulted in a brain acceleration of 900 G and a brain compression gradient of 0.28 mm. It is concluded that this simple model is capable of producing a graded brain injury in the rodent without a massive hypertensive surge or excessive brain-stem damage.

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Melatonin receptors in humans: biological role and clinical relevance.

C Ekmekcioglu (2006)

In addition to its antioxidative effects melatonin acts through specific nuclear and plasma membrane receptors. To date, two G-protein coupled melatonin membrane receptors, MT(1) and MT(2), have been cloned in mammals, while the newly purified MT(3) protein belongs to the family of quinone reductases. Screening studies have shown that various tissues of rodents express MT(1) and/or MT(2) melatonin receptors. In humans, melatonin receptors were also detected in several organs, including brain and retina, cardiovascular system, liver and gallbladder, intestine, kidney, immune cells, adipocytes, prostate and breast epithelial cells, ovary/granulosa cells, myometrium, and skin. This review summarizes the data published so far about MT(1) and MT(2) receptors in human tissues and human cells. Established and putative functions of melatonin after receptor activation as well as the clinical relevance of these findings will be discussed.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Basic Med Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran J Basic Med Sci

Title: Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences

Publisher: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Iran )

ISSN (Print): 2008-3866

ISSN (Electronic): 2008-3874

Publication date (Print): March 2018

Volume: 21

Issue: 3

Pages: 301-308

Affiliations

[1 ]Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

[2 ]Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

[3 ]Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

[4 ]Medical Student, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

Author notes

[* ] Corresponding author: Mohammad Khaksari. Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Tel: +9834 33257581; Fax: +98-34-33257581; Email: mkhaksari@ 123456kmu.ac.ir

Article

Publisher ID: IJBMS-21-301

DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.25928.6377

PMC ID: 5817174

SO-VID: 80013d45-b452-4a08-88ca-5eff76029396

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Role of melatonin receptors in the effect of estrogen on brain edema, intracranial pressure and expression of aquaporin 4 after traumatic brain injury

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Abstract

Objective(s):

Materials and Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Related collections

International Journal of Applied Technology in Medical Sciences

Most cited references 42

Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies.

A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part I: Pathophysiology and biomechanics.

Melatonin receptors in humans: biological role and clinical relevance.

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