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      Thermodynamics of Ylide Formation from Carbenes and Carbonyl Compounds

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          Abstract

          Thermodynamic parameters for the reaction of CH2 (singlet and triplet), CF2 and C(OH)2 carbenes with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone, forming carbonyl ylides, were determined using high level ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Singlet methylene forms a stable ylide with the three carbonyl compounds, with a deltaHº of -41.6 kcal/mol, -40.0 kcal/mol (E isomer), -44.5 kcal/mol (Z isomer) and -40.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Triplet methylene also forms a y lide with formaldehyde with a deltaE of -15.7 kcal/mol, resulting in the triplet ylide being formed reversibly. For the reaction with formaldehyde, the CF2 and C(OH)2 carbenes have a positive deltaHº of 13.0 kcal/mol and 22.0 kcal/mol, and a deltaGº of 25.3 kcal/mol and 34.0 kcal/mol, respectively. Due to its unfavorable free energy of formation, and the potential competition of direct 1,2 cycloaddition of carbene to the C=O group, CF2 and C(OH)2 should not react with carbonyl compounds forming ylides.

          Translated abstract

          Os parâmetros termodinâmicos para a reação dos carbenos CH2 (simpleto e tripleto), CF2 e C(OH)2 com formaldeído, acetaldeído e acetona foram determinados através de cálculos ab initio de alto nível. O metileno simpleto forma ilídeos estáveis com os três compostos carbonílicos, tendo um deltaHº de reação de -41.6 kcal/mol, -40.0 kcal/mol (isômero E), -44.5 kcal/mol (isômero Z) e -40.8 kcal/mol, respectivamente. O metileno tripleto também forma ilídeo com formaldeído, com um deltaE de reação de -15.7 kcal/mol, resultando que a formação do ilídeo neste estado eletrônico é reversível. Já os carbenos CF2 e C(OH)2 formam ilídeos com formaldeído com um deltaHº de 13.0 kcal/mol e 22.0 kcal/mol, e um deltaGº de 25.3 kcal/mol e 34.0kcal/mol, respectivamente. Estes valores positivos de energia livre indicam que estes ilídeos não devem ser formados a partir de carbenos e carbonilas, e possivelmente estes carbenos reagem com aldeídos e cetonas por cicloadição 1,2.

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          Redox-Neutral α-Oxygenation of Amines: Reaction Development and Elucidation of the Mechanism

          Cyclic secondary amines and 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes or related ketones react to furnish benzo[e][1,3]oxazine structures in generally good yields. This overall redox-neutral amine α-C–H functionalization features a combined reductive N-alkylation/oxidative α-functionalization and is catalyzed by acetic acid. In contrast to previous reports, no external oxidants or metal catalysts are required. Reactions performed under modified conditions lead to an apparent reductive amination and the formation of o-hydroxybenzylamines in a process that involves the oxidation of a second equivalent of amine. A detailed computational study employing density functional theory compares different mechanistic pathways and is used to explain the observed experimental findings. Furthermore, these results also reveal the origin of the catalytic efficiency of acetic acid in these transformations.
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            Photoluminescence recovery from single-walled carbon nanotubes on substrates.

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              The nature of halogen ? halogen interactions and the crystal structure of 1,3,5,7-tetraiodoadamantane

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbchs
                Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
                J. Braz. Chem. Soc.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Química (São Paulo )
                1678-4790
                April 1998
                : 9
                : 2
                : 181-186
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                Article
                S0103-50531998000200011
                10.1590/S0103-50531998000200011
                80083304-2fe7-4bc1-beb3-5f2ca0d88019

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-5053&lng=en
                Categories
                CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General chemistry
                ylide formation,carbene-carbonyl compounds,ab initio,thermodynamics
                General chemistry
                ylide formation, carbene-carbonyl compounds, ab initio, thermodynamics

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