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      Microfluidic Devices for Drug Delivery Systems and Drug Screening

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          Abstract

          Microfluidic devices present unique advantages for the development of efficient drug carrier particles, cell-free protein synthesis systems, and rapid techniques for direct drug screening. Compared to bulk methods, by efficiently controlling the geometries of the fabricated chip and the flow rates of multiphase fluids, microfluidic technology enables the generation of highly stable, uniform, monodispersed particles with higher encapsulation efficiency. Since the existing preclinical models are inefficient drug screens for predicting clinical outcomes, microfluidic platforms might offer a more rapid and cost-effective alternative. Compared to 2D cell culture systems and in vivo animal models, microfluidic 3D platforms mimic the in vivo cell systems in a simple, inexpensive manner, which allows high throughput and multiplexed drug screening at the cell, organ, and whole-body levels. In this review, the generation of appropriate drug or gene carriers including different particle types using different configurations of microfluidic devices is highlighted. Additionally, this paper discusses the emergence of fabricated microfluidic cell-free protein synthesis systems for potential use at point of care as well as cell-, organ-, and human-on-a-chip models as smart, sensitive, and reproducible platforms, allowing the investigation of the effects of drugs under conditions imitating the biological system.

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          Most cited references159

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          Droplet microfluidics.

          Droplet-based microfluidic systems have been shown to be compatible with many chemical and biological reagents and capable of performing a variety of "digital fluidic" operations that can be rendered programmable and reconfigurable. This platform has dimensional scaling benefits that have enabled controlled and rapid mixing of fluids in the droplet reactors, resulting in decreased reaction times. This, coupled with the precise generation and repeatability of droplet operations, has made the droplet-based microfluidic system a potent high throughput platform for biomedical research and applications. In addition to being used as microreactors ranging from the nano- to femtoliter range; droplet-based systems have also been used to directly synthesize particles and encapsulate many biological entities for biomedicine and biotechnology applications. This review will focus on the various droplet operations, as well as the numerous applications of the system. Due to advantages unique to droplet-based systems, this technology has the potential to provide novel solutions to today's biomedical engineering challenges for advanced diagnostics and therapeutics.
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            Formation of dispersions using “flow focusing” in microchannels

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              Monodisperse double emulsions generated from a microcapillary device.

              Double emulsions are highly structured fluids consisting of emulsion drops that contain smaller droplets inside. Although double emulsions are potentially of commercial value, traditional fabrication by means of two emulsification steps leads to very ill-controlled structuring. Using a microcapillary device, we fabricated double emulsions that contained a single internal droplet in a core-shell geometry. We show that the droplet size can be quantitatively predicted from the flow profiles of the fluids. The double emulsions were used to generate encapsulation structures by manipulating the properties of the fluid that makes up the shell. The high degree of control afforded by this method and the completely separate fluid streams make this a flexible and promising technique.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Genes (Basel)
                Genes (Basel)
                genes
                Genes
                MDPI
                2073-4425
                16 February 2018
                February 2018
                : 9
                : 2
                : 103
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
                [2 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ophthalmology, and Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Uday.Kompella@ 123456ucdenver.edu
                [3 ]Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; smdamiati@ 123456kau.edu.sa
                [4 ]Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department, The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq
                [5 ]Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
                [6 ]Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany
                [7 ]Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6747-0408
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9417-8894
                Article
                genes-09-00103
                10.3390/genes9020103
                5852599
                29462948
                802b634d-29c8-4036-a99f-9396ac1a5f5f
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 December 2017
                : 12 February 2018
                Categories
                Review

                drug and gene delivery systems,in vitro drug screening,cell-on-a-chip,organ-on-a-chip,human-on-a-chip

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