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      Celiac Disease and the Microbiome

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          Abstract

          Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that changes in both the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome are associated with a number of chronic inflammatory diseases including celiac disease (CD). One of the major advances in the field of microbiome studies over the last few decades has been the development of culture-independent approaches to identify and quantify the components of the human microbiota. The study of nucleic acids DNA and RNA found in feces or other biological samples bypasses the need for tissue cultures and also allows the characterization of non-cultivable microbes. Current evidence on the composition of the intestinal microbiome and its role as a causative trigger for CD is highly heterogeneous and sometimes contradictory. This review is aimed at summarizing both pre-clinical (basic science data) and clinical (cross-sectional and prospective studies) evidence addressing the relationship between the intestinal microbiome and CD.

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          Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system.

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            Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

            Celiac disease is a major public health problem worldwide. Although initially it was reported from countries with predominant Caucasian populations, it now has been reported from other parts of the world. The exact global prevalence of celiac disease is not known. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of celiac disease.
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              The composition of the gut microbiota shapes the colon mucus barrier

              Two C57BL/6 mice colonies maintained in two rooms of the same specific pathogen-free (SPF) facility were found to have different gut microbiota and a mucus phenotype that was specific for each colony. The thickness and growth of the colon mucus were similar in the two colonies. However, one colony had mucus that was impenetrable to bacteria or beads the size of bacteria—which is comparable to what we observed in free-living wild mice—whereas the other colony had an inner mucus layer penetrable to bacteria and beads. The different properties of the mucus depended on the microbiota, as they were transmissible by transfer of caecal microbiota to germ-free mice. Mice with an impenetrable mucus layer had increased amounts of Erysipelotrichi, whereas mice with a penetrable mucus layer had higher levels of Proteobacteria and TM7 bacteria in the distal colon mucus. Thus, our study shows that bacteria and their community structure affect mucus barrier properties in ways that can have implications for health and disease. It also highlights that genetically identical animals housed in the same facility can have rather distinct microbiotas and barrier structures.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nutrients
                Nutrients
                nutrients
                Nutrients
                MDPI
                2072-6643
                08 October 2019
                October 2019
                : 11
                : 10
                : 2403
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Department of “Maternal-and-Child Health” and Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; salvatore.cucchiara@ 123456uniroma1.it
                [2 ]European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, 84125 Salerno, Italy; AFASANO@ 123456mgh.harvard.edu
                [3 ]Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
                [4 ]Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2134-0261
                Article
                nutrients-11-02403
                10.3390/nu11102403
                6835875
                31597349
                804c0941-3467-4509-afc1-ec333d5bc9bc
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 17 August 2019
                : 27 September 2019
                Categories
                Review

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                celiac disease,microbiome,microbiota,environmental factors,at-risk infants
                Nutrition & Dietetics
                celiac disease, microbiome, microbiota, environmental factors, at-risk infants

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