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      Growth Hormone Receptor Sequence Changes Do Not Play a Role in Determining Height in Children with Idiopathic Short Stature

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          Abstract

          Background/Aims: In children with short stature, in whom growth hormone deficiency has been excluded, the presence of a normal or elevated growth hormone concentration concomitant with low insulin-like growth factor I suggests growth hormone insensitivity (GHI). Previous reports suggest that heterozygous mutations in the growth hormone receptor gene (GHR) may account for about 5% of children with idiopathic short stature (ISS). In the present study we have attempted to determine whether mutations in the GHR explain the short stature and growth retardation in a cohort of children with ISS and characteristics suggesting GHI. Methods: For the present study 33 children with clinical and biochemical characteristics of GHI were selected from a cohort of 150 children of short stature. Molecular analysis of the GHR was performed using a single-strand conformation polymorphism technique and sequencing. Ten different sequence changes in 19 (58%) out of 33 children were identified, 9 of them novel and 1 that had been described previously. Results: Two changes were found in exons 2 and 6. The known polymorphism of exon 6 (G168) was significantly more common in the control subjects than in our study group (63.5 vs. 30%; p < 0.0001). In the intronic sequences 8 previously undescribed DNA changes were found. The screening of the affected children’s family members revealed that both normal and short stature members carried the same variants. The study group did not significantly differ from the controls in retention (GHR fl) or exclusion (GHR d3) of exon 3. Conclusion: Our study suggests that sequence changes of the GHR are common in children with ISS. The presence of these sequence changes in the control subjects as well as in normal stature family members indicates that these changes represent a simple polymorphism of the GHR. Such DNA changes are more prevalent than previously recognized, and they do not seem to play a contributory role in the etiology of short stature.

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          Most cited references22

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          Growth hormone insensitivity associated with a STAT5b mutation.

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            Laron syndrome (primary growth hormone resistance or insensitivity): the personal experience 1958-2003.

            Zvi Laron (2004)
            Clinical and laboratory investigations starting in 1958 of a group of dwarfed children resembling isolated GH deficiency but who had very high serum levels of GH led to the description of the syndrome of primary GH resistance or insensitivity (Laron syndrome) and subsequently to the discovery of its molecular defects residing in the GH receptor and leading to an inability of IGF-I generation. With the biosynthesis of IGF-I in 1986, therapeutic trials started. Continuously more and more patients are being diagnosed in many parts of the world with a variety of molecular defects. This syndrome proved to be a unique model that enables the study of the consequences of GH receptor defects, the physiopathology of GH-IGF-I disruption, and comparison of the GH-independent IGF-I effects. This review presents the personal experience gained from the study follow-up and treatment of the 60 patients followed up for many years in the Israeli cohort.
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              Characterization of the human growth hormone receptor gene and demonstration of a partial gene deletion in two patients with Laron-type dwarfism.

              Laron-type dwarfism is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that is characterized by high levels of growth hormone and low levels of insulin-like growth factor I in the circulation. Several lines of evidence suggest that this disease is caused by a defect in the growth hormone receptor. In order to analyze the receptor gene in patients with Laron-type dwarfism and with other growth disorders, we have first determined the gene structure in normal individuals. There are nine exons that encode the receptor and several additional exons in the 5' untranslated region. The coding exons span at least 87 kilobase pairs of chromosome 5. Characterization of the growth hormone receptor gene from nine patients with Laron-type dwarfism shows that two individuals have a deletion of a large portion of the extracellular, hormone binding domain of the receptor gene. Interestingly, this deletion includes nonconsecutive exons, suggesting that an unusual rearrangement may have occurred. Thus, we provide direct evidence that Laron-type dwarfism can result from a defect in the structural gene for the growth hormone receptor.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                HRE
                Horm Res Paediatr
                10.1159/issn.1663-2818
                Hormone Research in Paediatrics
                S. Karger AG
                1663-2818
                1663-2826
                2006
                April 2006
                09 May 2006
                : 65
                : 4
                : 210-216
                Affiliations
                aGenetic Institute and bPediatric Endocrine Unit, Ha’ Emek Medical Center, Afula, affiliated to the Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
                Article
                92514 Horm Res 2006;65:210–216
                10.1159/000092514
                16582564
                807e97ce-3c4a-4de7-93cf-20c44df9ecb6
                © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 12 August 2005
                : 20 February 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, References: 26, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Growth hormone deficiency,Growth hormone binding protein,Growth hormone insensitivity,Idiopathic short stature,Insulin-like growth factor I, binding protein 3,Growth hormone receptor

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