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      Gender Differences in Depression Scores of Iranian and German Medical Students

      brief-report

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          Abstract

          Objective: The aim was to evaluate gender differences in depression scores of Iranian and German medical students.

          Methods: Two hundred Iranian medical students (100 men and 100 women) and 200 German medical students (100 men and 100 women) were selected randomly and completed the English form of the self-rating Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).

          Results: Analysis gave a mean rating of 10.7 ± 6.6 for Iranian men and 10.9 ± 7.81 for Iranian women (NS). Also, 5 ± 4.9 for German men and 5.6 ± 5.0 for German women (NS). On Item 2, which asked whether the person was pessimistic 33% of Iranian men and 30% of Iranian women indicated that they were pessimistic (NS). Also, 21% of German men and 20% of German women indicated that they were pessimistic (NS). On Item 9, which asked about suicidal tendencies, 9% of Iranian men and 13% of Iranian women reported as having suicidal tendencies (NS). Also, 13% of German men and 21% of German women reported as having self-harming thoughts (NS).

          Conclusion: The present study showed no gender differences in Iranian and German medical students’ scores on the BDI.

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          Depressed medical students' use of mental health services and barriers to use.

          Jennifer Tjia, Marjory L. Givens (2002)
          Depression is an underrecognized yet common and treatable disorder among medical students. Little is known about the rate of mental health service use by depressed medical students. This study sought to determine the level of mental health service use by depressed medical students and their reported barriers to use. In the spring of 1994, a one-time survey of 194 first- and second-year medical students was conducted in the School of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. Outcome measures were self-reported use of counseling services, barriers to use, suicidal ideation, and depressive symptoms as measured by the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Twenty-four percent (n = 46) of the medical students were depressed by BDI criteria. Of the depressed students, only 22% (n = 10) were using mental health counseling services. The most frequently cited barriers to using these services were lack of time (48%), lack of confidentiality (37%), stigma associated with using mental health services (30%), cost (28%), fear of documentation on academic record (24%), and fear of unwanted intervention (26%). These data demonstrate that depression among medical students may be undertreated. Medical schools can assist depressed students by addressing issues such as the stigma of using mental health services, confidentiality, and documentation. Early treatment of impaired future caregivers may have far-reaching implications for the individual students, their colleagues, and their future patients.
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            Psychological stress and burnout in medical students: a five-year prospective longitudinal study.

            C. E. Shaw, Aaron D. Black, Irena F Creed … (1998)
            The aim of this study was to assess psychological morbidity and symptoms of burnout in medical students during their undergraduate training, and to identify baseline factors that predict psychological morbidity in students in the final year of the course. It was a 5-year prospective longitudinal cohort study. Students were assessed in years 1, 4 and 5 of their medical undergraduate training by means of the GHQ-12 and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. 172 (84.3%), 157 (77.0%) and 155 (75.9%) students out of an original group of 204 completed assessments in years 1, 4 and 5, respectively. 18 students were above threshold on the GHQ-12 on all three occasions, 25 on two occasions and 43 on one occasion; 69 students were never a 'case'. Students who were cases on two or more occasions were more likely to find the medical course stressful during the first year, but not subsequent years. There was no significant difference between the percentages of men and women who scored as cases on the GHQ-12 in any of the years. The best predictor of psychological morbidity in the final year of the course was the GHQ-12 score in year 1. This study suggests that a small group of students repeatedly experience psychological distress during their medical training.
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              Factors in medical school that predict postgraduate mental health problems in need of treatment. A nationwide and longitudinal study.

              O Ekeberg, P. Vaglum, R Tyssen … (2001)
              Physicians show an increased prevalence of mental health problems, the first postgraduate years being particularly stressful. To study the prevalence of mental health problems during the fourth postgraduate year, and to investigate whether it is already possible to predict such problems at medical school. A cohort of medical students (n=396) from all Norwegian universities, who were approached in their graduating semester (baseline) and in their fourth postgraduate year. A nationwide and longitudinal postal questionnaire survey, including measures of perceived mental health problems in need of treatment, personality, perceived stress and skills, and ways of coping. Data were analysed using logistic regression. Mental health problems in need of treatment during the fourth postgraduate year were reported by 17.2% (n=66), with no gender difference, possibly because of a higher prevalence among the men compared with the general population. A majority had not sought help. Univariate medical school predictors of mental health problems included: previous mental health problems; not being married/cohabitant; the personality traits 'vulnerability' (or neuroticism) and 'reality weakness'; perceived medical school stress, and lack of perceived diagnostic skills. In addition, the coping variables avoidance, blamed self and wishful thinking were univariate predictors. Multivariate analysis identified the following adjusted predictors: previous mental health problems; 'intensity' (extraversion); perceived medical school stress, and wishful thinking. Medical school variables were inadequate for predicting which individual students would experience postgraduate mental health deterioration. However, the perceived medical school stress instrument may be used for selecting a subgroup of students suitable for group-oriented interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPBS
                Title: Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
                Publisher: Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (Sari, Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 1735-8639
                ISSN (Electronic): 1735-9287
                Publication date (Print): Winter 2014
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 70-73
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Professor and Founder Director, Substance Abuse Research Center; Dual Diagnosis Ward; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz; Iran.
                [2 ]General Physician, Substance Abuse Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
                [3 ]Pharmacist, School of Pharmacy, Düsseldorf University, Germany.
                Author notes
                [• ]Corresponding author: Jamshid Ahmadi, Substance Abuse Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Tel: +98 7116279319, Fax:+98 7116279319, Email: jamshid_ahmadi@yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijpbs-8-070
                PMC ID: 4364480
                PubMed ID: 25798177
                SO-VID: 807fca81-024e-41e7-b9ee-5142d6849199
                Copyright © © 2014, Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 23 December 2013
                Date revision received : 12 February 2014
                Date accepted : 5 June 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Brief Report

                Keywords: depression,gender differences,german,iranian,medical students
                Data availability:
                Keywords: depression, gender differences, german, iranian, medical students

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