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      Effectiveness of Metformin in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Pregnant Women Translated title: Efetividade da metformina na prevenção do diabetes mellitus gestacional em gestantes obesas

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          Abstract

          Objective To assess the effectiveness of metformin in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in obese pregnant women attending a public maternity hospital in Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

          Methods Randomized clinical trial including obese pregnant women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m 2, divided into two groups (control and metformin). Both groups received guidance regarding diet and physical exercise. The participants were assessed at two moments, the first at enrollment (gestational age ≤ 20) and the second at gestational weeks 24–28. The outcomes assessed were BMI and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis. The data distribution was assessed with the Friedman test. For all the analytical models, the p-values were considered significant when lower than 0.05. The absolute risk reduction was also estimated.

          Results Overall, 164 pregnant women were assessed and further divided into 82 participants per group. No significant difference was observed in BMI variation between the control and metformin groups (0.9 ± 1.2 versus 1.0 ± 0.9, respectively, p = 0.63). Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 15.9% ( n = 13) of the patients allocated to the metformin group and 19.5% ( n = 16) of those in the control group ( p = 0.683). The absolute risk reduction was 3.6 (95% confidence interval 8.0–15.32) in the group treated with metformin, which was not significant.

          Conclusion Metformin was not effective in reducing BMI and preventing GDM in obese pregnant women.

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          Objetivo Avaliar a efetividade da metformina na incidência de diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) em gestantes obesas de uma maternidade pública de Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil.

          Métodos Ensaio clínico randomizado desenvolvido com gestantes obesas com índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥ 30 kg/m 2, divididas em dois grupos (controle e metformina). Ambos os grupos receberam orientação sobre dieta e exercício físico. As participantes foram avaliadas em dois momentos, o primeiro na inclusão (com idade gestacional ≤ 20 semanas) e o segundo entre 24 e 28 semanas de gestação. Os desfechos avaliados foram IMC e diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). A distribuição dos dados foi avaliada com o teste de Friedman. Para todos os modelos analíticos, foram considerados significativos os valores de p inferiores a 0,05. Foi estimada também a redução absoluta de risco.

          Resultados Foram avaliadas 164 gestantes, divididas em 82 participantes em cada grupo. Não houve diferença significativa na variação do IMC entre os grupos controle e metformina (0,9 ± 1,2 versus 1,0 ± 0,9, respectivamente, p = 0,63). O DMG foi diagnosticado em 15,9% ( n = 13) das pacientes alocadas para o grupo metformina e 19,5% ( n = 16) das incluídas no grupo controle ( p = 0,683). A redução absoluta de risco foi de 3,6 (intervalo de confiança de 95% 8,0–15,32) no grupo metformina, o que não foi significativo.

          Conclusão A metformina não foi eficaz em reduzir o IMC e prevenir o DMG em gestantes obesas.

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          Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19·2 million participants

          Summary Background Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries. Methods We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18·5 kg/m2 [underweight], 18·5 kg/m2 to <20 kg/m2, 20 kg/m2 to <25 kg/m2, 25 kg/m2 to <30 kg/m2, 30 kg/m2 to <35 kg/m2, 35 kg/m2 to <40 kg/m2, ≥40 kg/m2 [morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue. Findings We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19·2 million adult participants (9·9 million men and 9·3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21·7 kg/m2 (95% credible interval 21·3–22·1) in 1975 to 24·2 kg/m2 (24·0–24·4) in 2014 in men, and from 22·1 kg/m2 (21·7–22·5) in 1975 to 24·4 kg/m2 (24·2–24·6) in 2014 in women. Regional mean BMIs in 2014 for men ranged from 21·4 kg/m2 in central Africa and south Asia to 29·2 kg/m2 (28·6–29·8) in Polynesia and Micronesia; for women the range was from 21·8 kg/m2 (21·4–22·3) in south Asia to 32·2 kg/m2 (31·5–32·8) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Over these four decades, age-standardised global prevalence of underweight decreased from 13·8% (10·5–17·4) to 8·8% (7·4–10·3) in men and from 14·6% (11·6–17·9) to 9·7% (8·3–11·1) in women. South Asia had the highest prevalence of underweight in 2014, 23·4% (17·8–29·2) in men and 24·0% (18·9–29·3) in women. Age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 3·2% (2·4–4·1) in 1975 to 10·8% (9·7–12·0) in 2014 in men, and from 6·4% (5·1–7·8) to 14·9% (13·6–16·1) in women. 2·3% (2·0–2·7) of the world’s men and 5·0% (4·4–5·6) of women were severely obese (ie, have BMI ≥35 kg/m2). Globally, prevalence of morbid obesity was 0·64% (0·46–0·86) in men and 1·6% (1·3–1·9) in women. Interpretation If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity target is virtually zero. Rather, if these trends continue, by 2025, global obesity prevalence will reach 18% in men and surpass 21% in women; severe obesity will surpass 6% in men and 9% in women. Nonetheless, underweight remains prevalent in the world’s poorest regions, especially in south Asia. Funding Wellcome Trust, Grand Challenges Canada.
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            CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials

            The CONSORT statement is used worldwide to improve the reporting of randomised controlled trials. Kenneth Schulz and colleagues describe the latest version, CONSORT 2010, which updates the reporting guideline based on new methodological evidence and accumulating experience
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              IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040.

              To produce current estimates of the national, regional and global impact of diabetes for 2015 and 2040.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet
                Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet
                10.1055/s-00030576
                RBGO Gynecology & Obstetrics
                Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil )
                0100-7203
                1806-9339
                27 April 2018
                April 2018
                1 April 2018
                : 40
                : 4
                : 180-187
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade da Região de Joinville, Jonville, SC, Brazil
                [2 ]Department of Medicine, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Jonville, SC, Brazil
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence Willian Barbosa Sales Universidade da Região de Joinville, Rua Paulo Malschitzki 10, Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC, 89219-710Brazil willianbarbosasales@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                0237
                10.1055/s-0038-1642632
                10309478
                29702716
                808cf8c3-7e63-4b3d-b761-9685dfff8032

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 02 December 2017
                : 06 March 2018
                Categories
                Original Article

                obesity,gestation,gestational diabetes mellitus,metformin,obesidade,gestação,diabetes mellitus gestacional,metformina

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