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      La formulación magistral en la escalera analgésica de la OMS como estrategia de la atención farmacéutica Translated title: The magistral formulation in the WHO analgesic scale as a pharmaceutical care strategy

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          Abstract

          La formulación magistral es el medicamento destinado a un paciente individualizado, preparado por el farmacéutico o bajo su dirección, para cumplimentar expresamente una prescripción facultativa detallada de las sustancias medicinales que incluye, según las normas técnicas y científicas del arte farmacéutico, dispensado por el farmacéutico y con la debida información al paciente. Es una estrategia disponible y costo-efectiva para completar de forma segura y eficaz algunas de las lagunas o deficiencias terapéuticas encontradas en el arsenal analgésico comercializado. La participación del farmacéutico de hospital en la FM, queda regulada por legislación en cuanto a la fabricación y elaboración, pero la integración de este profesional en el equipo clínico de atención al paciente, facilita la identificación de las deficiencias terapéuticas que pueden ser subsanadas con la FM. En este trabajo se exponen los preparados, elaborados como FM y clasificados según su vía de administración, realizados por el farmacéutico de hospital adjunto de la Unidad de Dolor del Consorcio del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, así como su ubicación en la escalera analgésica de la OMS. Preparados de morfina en gotas, jarabe de ketamina, o geles de lidocaína son utilizados por vía oral; solución de ácido acético, dexametasona y lidocaína a distintas concentraciones se preparan para su administración por vía transdérmica; gel de morfina y de capsaicina con ketamina administrados por vía tópica; así como, inyectables para su utilización intraarticular o intraespinal.

          Translated abstract

          A magistral formulation (MF) is a drug prepared for a given patient by the pharmacist or under his/her supervision, specifically according to a detailed medical prescription of the medicinal substances that it contains and applying the technical and scientific standards of the pharmaceutical art, that is dispensed by the pharmacist providing the patient with adequate information. This is an possible cost-effective strategy that can fill in a safe and effective way some of the therapeutic gaps or deficiencies that are found in the analgesic arsenal available in the market. The participation of the hospital pharmacist in the MF is regulated by law in terms of manufacturing and production, but the integration of this professional in the clinical team that provides care to patients facilitates the identification of therapeutic deficiencies that can be overcame by the MF. In this paper we describe the preparations, elaborated as MF and classified according to their route of administration, that are provided by the assistant hospital pharmacist of the Pain Unit at the General University Hospital Trust of Valencia, as well as their position within the WHO analgesic scale. Morphine preparations in drop, syrup or lidocain gel are prepared for their oral administration; solutions of acetic acid, dexametasone and lidocaine with different strengths are prepared for their transdermal administration; morphine and capsaicine plus ketamine gels are prepared for their topical administration, as well as injectable preparations for their intraarticular or intraspinal administration.

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          Most cited references43

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          Randomised trial of oral morphine for chronic non-cancer pain

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            Outcome of chronic opioid therapy for non-cancer pain.

            Potential iatrogenic mood and cognitive declines associated with long-acting opioid therapy were examined in 19 patients receiving long-acting oral opioid medications and compared to ten patients receiving usual care. Pain, mood, and cognitive function were measured before and after achieving stable doses. In addition to reducing pain, long-acting opioid medication reduced anxiety and hostility. No declines in cognitive function were associated with the long-acting opioid medications, and the group receiving long-acting opioid medications showed significant improvement on a measure of psychomotor speed and sustained attention. Both patient groups reported significant reductions in perceived impairment in daily activities due to pain. Treatment responders taking long-acting opioid medications (63%) were taking a significantly lower dose at follow-up than the treatment non-responder group. These findings suggest that long-acting opioid medications can improve mood and do not impair cognitive functioning in patients with chronic non-cancer pain.
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              Treatment of painful skin ulcers with topical opioids.

              Recent research suggests that opioid receptors on peripheral nerve terminals may play an important role in the modulation of pain. Clinical applications of this knowledge have been rather slow to evolve. We describe a consecutive series of nine patients with painful skin ulcers due to a variety of medical conditions. All patients were treated with a topical morphine-infused gel dressing. Seven of the nine patients experienced substantial and another experienced a lesser (but still significant) degree of analgesia. The ninth reported no relief, but his wound was not an open ulcer. Discussion centers on the practical application of this development in the large number of patients with painful skin lesions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                May 2005
                : 12
                : 4
                : 235-241
                Affiliations
                [01] Valencia orgnameConsorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia orgdiv1Servicio de Anestesia Reanimación y Tratamiento de Dolor orgdiv2Unidad Multidisciplinar Tratamiento de Dolor
                Article
                S1134-80462005000400007
                809ac044-9112-4979-bf01-c185d88632f8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 December 2004
                : 22 December 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Equipo multidisciplinar de tratamiento,Farmacéutico hospital,Atención farmacéutica,Formulación magistral,Escalera analgésica de la OMS,Multidisciplinary therapeutic team,Hospital pharmacist,Pharmaceutical care,Magistral formulation,WHO analgesic scale

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