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      Passive Mobile Self-tracking of Mental Health by Veterans With Serious Mental Illness: Protocol for a User-Centered Design and Prospective Cohort Study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Serious mental illnesses (SMI) are common, disabling, and challenging to treat, requiring years of monitoring and treatment adjustments. Stress or reduced medication adherence can lead to rapid worsening of symptoms and behaviors. Illness exacerbations and relapses generally occur with little or no clinician awareness in real time, leaving limited opportunity to modify treatments. Previous research suggests that passive mobile sensing may be beneficial for individuals with SMI by helping them monitor mental health status and behaviors, and quickly detect worsening mental health for prompt assessment and intervention. However, there is too little research on its feasibility and acceptability and the extent to which passive data can predict changes in behaviors or symptoms.

          Objective

          The aim of this research is to study the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of passive mobile sensing for tracking behaviors and symptoms of patients in treatment for SMI, as well as developing analytics that use passive data to predict changes in behaviors and symptoms.

          Methods

          A mobile app monitors and transmits passive mobile sensor and phone utilization data, which is used to track activity, sociability, and sleep in patients with SMI. The study consists of a user-centered design phase and a mobile sensing phase. In the design phase, focus groups, interviews, and usability testing inform further app development. In the mobile sensing phase, passive mobile sensing occurs with participants engaging in weekly assessments for 9 months. Three- and nine-month interviews study the perceptions of passive mobile sensing and ease of app use. Clinician interviews before and after the mobile sensing phase study the usefulness and feasibility of app utilization in clinical care. Predictive analytic models are built, trained, and selected, and make use of machine learning methods. Models use sensor and phone utilization data to predict behavioral changes and symptoms.

          Results

          The study started in October 2020. It has received institutional review board approval. The user-centered design phase, consisting of focus groups, usability testing, and preintervention clinician interviews, was completed in June 2021. Recruitment and enrollment for the mobile sensing phase began in October 2021.

          Conclusions

          Findings may inform the development of passive sensing apps and self-tracking in patients with SMI, and integration into care to improve assessment, treatment, and patient outcomes.

          Trial Registration

          ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05023252; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05023252

          International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

          DERR1-10.2196/39010

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          Most cited references41

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          The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research

          Daniel J. Buysse, Charles Reynolds III, Timothy H Monk … (1989)
          Despite the prevalence of sleep complaints among psychiatric patients, few questionnaires have been specifically designed to measure sleep quality in clinical populations. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month time interval. Nineteen individual items generate seven "component" scores: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. The sum of scores for these seven components yields one global score. Clinical and clinimetric properties of the PSQI were assessed over an 18-month period with "good" sleepers (healthy subjects, n = 52) and "poor" sleepers (depressed patients, n = 54; sleep-disorder patients, n = 62). Acceptable measures of internal homogeneity, consistency (test-retest reliability), and validity were obtained. A global PSQI score greater than 5 yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5% (kappa = 0.75, p less than 0.001) in distinguishing good and poor sleepers. The clinimetric and clinical properties of the PSQI suggest its utility both in psychiatric clinical practice and research activities.
          Article 0 comments Cited 5248 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response.

            Charles Morin, Geneviève Belleville, Lynda Bélanger … (2011)
            Although insomnia is a prevalent complaint with significant morbidity, it often remains unrecognized and untreated. Brief and valid instruments are needed both for screening and outcome assessment. This study examined psychometric indices of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) to detect cases of insomnia in a population-based sample and to evaluate treatment response in a clinical sample. Participants were 959 individuals selected from the community for an epidemiological study of insomnia (Community sample) and 183 individuals evaluated for insomnia treatment and 62 controls without insomnia (Clinical sample). They completed the ISI and several measures of sleep quality, fatigue, psychological symptoms, and quality of life; those in the Clinical sample also completed sleep diaries, polysomnography, and interviews to validate their insomnia/good sleep status and assess treatment response. In addition to standard psychometric indices of reliability and validity, item response theory analyses were computed to examine ISI item response patterns. Receiver operating curves were used to derive optimal cutoff scores for case identification and to quantify the minimally important changes in relation to global improvement ratings obtained by an independent assessor. ISI internal consistency was excellent for both samples (Cronbach α of 0.90 and 0.91). Item response analyses revealed adequate discriminatory capacity for 5 of the 7 items. Convergent validity was supported by significant correlations between total ISI score and measures of fatigue, quality of life, anxiety, and depression. A cutoff score of 10 was optimal (86.1% sensitivity and 87.7% specificity) for detecting insomnia cases in the community sample. In the clinical sample, a change score of -8.4 points (95% CI: -7.1, -9.4) was associated with moderate improvement as rated by an independent assessor after treatment. These findings provide further evidence that the ISI is a reliable and valid instrument to detect cases of insomnia in the population and is sensitive to treatment response in clinical patients.
            Article 0 comments Cited 984 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations.

              James E. Lubben, Eva Blozik, Gerhard Gillmann … (2006)
              There is a need for valid and reliable short scales that can be used to assess social networks and social supports and to screen for social isolation in older persons. The present study is a cross-national and cross-cultural evaluation of the performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6), which was used to screen for social isolation among community-dwelling older adult populations in three European countries. Based on the concept of lack of redundancy of social ties we defined clinical cut-points of the LSNS-6 for identifying persons deemed at risk for social isolation. Among all three samples, the LSNS-6 and two subscales (Family and Friends) demonstrated high levels of internal consistency, stable factor structures, and high correlations with criterion variables. The proposed clinical cut-points showed good convergent validity, and classified 20% of the respondents in Hamburg, 11% of those in Solothurn (Switzerland), and 15% of those in London as at risk for social isolation. We conclude that abbreviated scales such as the LSNS-6 should be considered for inclusion in practice protocols of gerontological practitioners. Screening older persons based on the LSNS-6 provides quantitative information on their family and friendship ties, and identifies persons at increased risk for social isolation who might benefit from in-depth assessment and targeted interventions.
              Article 0 comments Cited 400 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Alexander S Young:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9367-9213
                Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human BehaviorDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles300 UCLA Medical PlazaLos Angeles, CA, 90095United States1 310 794 7219ayoung@ucla.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): JMIR Res Protoc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): JMIR Res Protoc
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ResProt
                Title: JMIR Research Protocols
                Publisher: JMIR Publications (Toronto, Canada )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1929-0748
                Publication date Collection: August 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 August 2022
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: e39010
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA United States
                [2 ] Veterans Integrated Service Network-22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center Greater Los Angeles Veterans Healthcare System Department of Veterans Affairs Los Angeles, CA United States
                [3 ] Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA United States
                [4 ] Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA United States
                [5 ] Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation & Policy Greater Los Angeles Veterans Healthcare Center Department of Veterans Affairs Los Angeles, CA United States
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Alexander S Young ayoung@ 123456ucla.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9367-9213
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7692-0709
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3163-4615
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6895-3727
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6926-7438
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2080-4359
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4541-0858
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-7493
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-5933
                Article
                Publisher ID: v11i8e39010
                DOI: 10.2196/39010
                PMC ID: 9391975
                PubMed ID: 35930336
                SO-VID: 80c59512-531e-4abc-9c89-39a06f5339bb
                Copyright © ©Alexander S Young, Abigail Choi, Shay Cannedy, Lauren Hoffmann, Lionel Levine, Li-Jung Liang, Melissa Medich, Rebecca Oberman, Tanya T Olmos-Ochoa. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 05.08.2022.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

                History
                Date received : 9 May 2022
                Date revision requested : 19 May 2022
                Date revision received : 26 May 2022
                Date accepted : 27 May 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Protocol
                Subject: Protocol
                Custom metadata
                ext-peer-rev This paper was peer reviewed by HSR-4 Mental and Behavioral Health - Health Services Research Parent IRG - Office of Research & Development. See the Multimedia Appendix for the peer-review report;

                Keywords: serious mental illness,mobile health,mental health,passive sensing,health informatics,behavior,sensor,self-tracking,predict,assessment
                Data availability:
                Keywords: serious mental illness, mobile health, mental health, passive sensing, health informatics, behavior, sensor, self-tracking, predict, assessment

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