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      Phylogeny and evolutionary history of diplobathrid crinoids (Echinodermata)

      1 , 2
      Palaeontology
      Wiley

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          Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record.

          A new compilation of fossil data on invertebrate and vertebrate families indicates that four mass extinctions in the marine realm are statistically distinct from background extinction levels. These four occurred late in the Ordovician, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods. A fifth extinction event in the Devonian stands out from the background but is not statistically significant in these data. Background extinction rates appear to have declined since Cambrian time, which is consistent with the prediction that optimization of fitness should increase through evolutionary time.
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            Ecological Speciation

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              A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record

              Data on numbers of marine families within 91 metazoan classes known from the Phanerozoic fossil record are analyzed. The distribution of the 2800 fossil families among the classes is very uneven, with most belonging to a small minority of classes. Similarly, the stratigraphic distribution of the classes is very uneven, with most first appearing early in the Paleozoic and with many of the smaller classes becoming extinct before the end of that era. However, despite this unevenness, aQ-mode factor analysis indicates that the structure of these data is rather simple. Only three factors are needed to account for more than 90% of the data. These factors are interpreted as reflecting the three great “evolutionary faunas” of the Phanerozoic marine record: a trilobite-dominated Cambrian fauna, a brachiopod-dominated later Paleozoic fauna, and a mollusc-dominated Mesozoic-Cenozoic, or “modern,” fauna. Lesser factors relate to slow taxonomic turnover within the major faunas through time and to unique aspects of particular taxa and times.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Palaeontology
                Palaeontology
                Wiley
                0031-0239
                1475-4983
                December 05 2018
                May 2019
                October 08 2018
                May 2019
                : 62
                : 3
                : 357-373
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79<sup>th</sup> St. New York NY 10024 USA
                [2 ]Department of Paleobiology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution PO Box 37012, MRC 121 Washington DC 20013‐7012 USA
                Article
                10.1111/pala.12401
                80d5638c-19a2-4bcb-a3bb-ad27bc42131c
                © 2019

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#am

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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