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      Spiders Reduce Herbivory: Nonlethal Effects of Spiders on the Consumption of Soybean Leaves by Beetle Pests

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      Annals of the Entomological Society of America
      Entomological Society of America

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          Stress and Decision Making under the Risk of Predation: Recent Developments from Behavioral, Reproductive, and Ecological Perspectives

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            Experimental evidence for a behavior-mediated trophic cascade in a terrestrial food chain.

            Predators of herbivorous animals can affect plant populations by altering herbivore density, behavior, or both. To test whether the indirect effect of predators on plants arises from density or behavioral responses in a herbivore population, we experimentally examined the dynamics of terrestrial food chains comprised of old field plants, leaf-chewing grasshoppers, and spider predators in Northeast Connecticut. To separate the effects of predators on herbivore density from the effects on herbivore behavior, we created two classes of spiders: (i) risk spiders that had their feeding mouth parts glued to render them incapable of killing prey and (ii) predator spiders that remained unmanipulated. We found that the effect of predators on plants resulted from predator-induced changes in herbivore behavior (shifts in activity time and diet selection) rather than from predator-induced changes in grasshopper density. Neither predator nor risk spiders had a significant effect on grasshopper density relative to a control. This demonstrates that the behavioral response of prey to predators can have a strong impact on the dynamics of terrestrial food chains. The results make a compelling case to examine behavioral as well as density effects in theoretical and empirical research on food chain dynamics.
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              EFFECTS OF TOP PREDATOR SPECIES ON DIRECT AND INDIRECT INTERACTIONS IN A FOOD WEB

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annals of the Entomological Society of America
                an
                Entomological Society of America
                00138746
                00138746
                November 01 2003
                November 01 2003
                : 96
                : 6
                : 914-919
                Article
                10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0914:SRHNEO]2.0.CO;2
                814f8103-57f5-4bf7-857a-d76b53492507
                © 2003
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