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      Severity of new-onset type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents during the coronavirus-19 disease pandemic Translated title: Gravedad al debut de la diabetes tipo 1 en niños y adolescentes durante la pandemia por la enfermedad por coronavirus-19

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          ß-pancreatic cells are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication; this could lead to infection-related diabetes or precipitate the onset of type 1 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the severity at diagnosis, analyzing clinical and epidemiological features at debut in children under 16 years of age in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

          Material and methods

          A retrospective observational multicenter study was carried out in 7 hospitals of the public health network located in the south of our community. The severity at debut is compared with that of the two previous years (2018 and 2019). The level of statistical significance is set at p < 0.05.

          Results

          In 2020, 61 patients debuted at the 7 hospital centres. The mean age was 10.1 years (SD: 2.6), 50.8% older than 10 years. The clinical profile at diagnosis was ketoacidosis in 52.5% compared to 39.5% and 26.5% in the previous two years (p < 0.01). The mean pH (7.24 vs 7.30/7.30) and excess of bases (−11.9 vs −7.43/−7.9) was lower than in the previous two years, and the glycated haemoglobin higher (11.9 vs 11/10.6), p < 0.05. At least 10% of the patients had a positive history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

          Conclusions

          There has been an increase in the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes onset during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción

          Las células ß-pancreáticas son susceptibles a la infección y replicación de SARS-CoV-2, lo que podría conducir a una diabetes relacionada con infección o precipitar el debut de una diabetes tipo 1. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido determinar la gravedad al diagnóstico, analizando características clínicas y epidemiológicas en el contexto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en menores de 16 años.

          Material y métodos

          Se lleva a cabo un estudio multicéntrico observacional retrospectivo en7 hospitales de la red pública de sanidad ubicados en el sur de nuestra comunidad. Se compara la gravedad al debut con la de los dos años previos (2018 y 2019). Se fija el nivel de significación estadística en una p < 0,05.

          Resultados

          En 2020 61 pacientes debutaron en los 7 centros hospitalarios. La edad media fue 10.1 años (DE: 2.6), 50.8% mayores de 10 años. La forma clínica del debut fue cetoacidosis en el 52.5% frente al 39.5% y 26.5% en los dos años previos (p < 0.01). El pH medio (7.24 vs 7.30/7.30) y exceso de bases (−11.9 vs −7.43/−7.9) fue menor que en los dos años anteriores y la hemoglobina glicada mayor (11.9 vs 11/10.6), p < 0.05. Al menos el 10% de los pacientes tenían antecedentes positivos de infección por SARS-CoV-2.

          Conclusiones

          Durante el primer año de pandemia COVID-19 ha habido un aumento en la frecuencia de cetoacidosis diabética como forma de debut.

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          Most cited references21

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          Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study

          Summary Background Spain is one of the European countries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Serological surveys are a valuable tool to assess the extent of the epidemic, given the existence of asymptomatic cases and little access to diagnostic tests. This nationwide population-based study aims to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spain at national and regional level. Methods 35 883 households were selected from municipal rolls using two-stage random sampling stratified by province and municipality size, with all residents invited to participate. From April 27 to May 11, 2020, 61 075 participants (75·1% of all contacted individuals within selected households) answered a questionnaire on history of symptoms compatible with COVID-19 and risk factors, received a point-of-care antibody test, and, if agreed, donated a blood sample for additional testing with a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Prevalences of IgG antibodies were adjusted using sampling weights and post-stratification to allow for differences in non-response rates based on age group, sex, and census-tract income. Using results for both tests, we calculated a seroprevalence range maximising either specificity (positive for both tests) or sensitivity (positive for either test). Findings Seroprevalence was 5·0% (95% CI 4·7–5·4) by the point-of-care test and 4·6% (4·3–5·0) by immunoassay, with a specificity–sensitivity range of 3·7% (3·3–4·0; both tests positive) to 6·2% (5·8–6·6; either test positive), with no differences by sex and lower seroprevalence in children younger than 10 years ( 10%) and lower in coastal areas (<3%). Seroprevalence among 195 participants with positive PCR more than 14 days before the study visit ranged from 87·6% (81·1–92·1; both tests positive) to 91·8% (86·3–95·3; either test positive). In 7273 individuals with anosmia or at least three symptoms, seroprevalence ranged from 15·3% (13·8–16·8) to 19·3% (17·7–21·0). Around a third of seropositive participants were asymptomatic, ranging from 21·9% (19·1–24·9) to 35·8% (33·1–38·5). Only 19·5% (16·3–23·2) of symptomatic participants who were seropositive by both the point-of-care test and immunoassay reported a previous PCR test. Interpretation The majority of the Spanish population is seronegative to SARS-CoV-2 infection, even in hotspot areas. Most PCR-confirmed cases have detectable antibodies, but a substantial proportion of people with symptoms compatible with COVID-19 did not have a PCR test and at least a third of infections determined by serology were asymptomatic. These results emphasise the need for maintaining public health measures to avoid a new epidemic wave. Funding Spanish Ministry of Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, and Spanish National Health System.
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            SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas

            Infection-related diabetes can arise as a result of virus-associated β-cell destruction. Clinical data suggest that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), impairs glucose homoeostasis, but experimental evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect pancreatic tissue has been lacking. In the present study, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects cells of the human exocrine and endocrine pancreas ex vivo and in vivo. We demonstrate that human β-cells express viral entry proteins, and SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cultured human islets. Infection is associated with morphological, transcriptional and functional changes, including reduced numbers of insulin-secretory granules in β-cells and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In COVID-19 full-body postmortem examinations, we detected SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in pancreatic exocrine cells, and in cells that stain positive for the β-cell marker NKX6.1 and are in close proximity to the islets of Langerhans in all four patients investigated. Our data identify the human pancreas as a target of SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that β-cell infection could contribute to the metabolic dysregulation observed in patients with COVID-19.
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              ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed)
                Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed)
                Endocrinologia, Diabetes Y Nutricion
                SEEN and SED. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.
                2530-0180
                1 December 2022
                1 December 2022
                Affiliations
                [a ]Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
                [b ]Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
                [c ]Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
                [d ]Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Parla, Madrid, Spain
                [e ]Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario del Tajo, Aranjuez, Madrid, Spain
                [f ]Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos. Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
                [g ]Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                S2530-0180(22)00229-3
                10.1016/j.endien.2021.12.014
                9713488
                81599883-a3f7-4159-8ccd-d0f7373b5393
                © 2022 SEEN and SED. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 2 September 2021
                : 15 December 2021
                Categories
                Original Article

                type 1 diabetes,diabetic ketoacidosis,children,adolescent,covid-19,diabetes tipo 1,cetoacidosis,niños,adolescente

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