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      Global perspectives on physical and nonphysical discipline: A Bayesian multilevel analysis

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          Abstract

          Background and Objective:

          Sixty countries worldwide have banned the use of physical punishment, yet little is known about the association of physical and nonphysical forms of child discipline with child development in a global context. The objective of this study is to examine whether physical punishment and nonphysical discipline are associated with child socioemotional functioning in a global sample of families from 62 countries and whether country-level normativeness of physical punishment and nonphysical discipline moderated those associations.

          Methods:

          Data for this study are from 215,885 families in the fourth and fifth rounds of the United Nations Children’s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Bayesian multilevel logistic models were used to analyze the associations of physical punishment and nonphysical discipline (i.e., taking away privileges and verbal reasoning) with three different outcomes representing children’s socioemotional functioning: getting along well with other children, aggression, and becoming distracted.

          Results:

          The use of physical punishment was not associated with getting along with other children, was associated with increased aggression, and was associated with increases in distraction. Taking away privileges was associated with lower levels of getting along with other children, higher levels of aggression, and higher levels of becoming distracted. Verbal reasoning (i.e., explaining why a behavior was wrong) was associated with higher levels of getting along with other children, higher levels of aggression, and higher levels of becoming distracted. Country-level normativeness moderated some of these associations but in general the direction of effects was consistent.

          Conclusions:

          Results suggest that eliminating physical punishment would benefit children across the globe and align with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which calls for all children to be free from physical violence. More attention needs to be focused on the associations of nonphysical forms of discipline with child functioning across the globe.

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          Most cited references9

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          Advanced Bayesian Multilevel Modeling with the R Package brms

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            Physical discipline and children's adjustment: cultural normativeness as a moderator.

            Interviews were conducted with 336 mother-child dyads (children's ages ranged from 6 to 17 years; mothers' ages ranged from 20 to 59 years) in China, India, Italy, Kenya, the Philippines, and Thailand to examine whether normativeness of physical discipline moderates the link between mothers' use of physical discipline and children's adjustment. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that physical discipline was less strongly associated with adverse child outcomes in conditions of greater perceived normativeness, but physical discipline was also associated with more adverse outcomes regardless of its perceived normativeness. Countries with the lowest use of physical discipline showed the strongest association between mothers' use and children's behavior problems, but in all countries higher use of physical discipline was associated with more aggression and anxiety.
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              A Bayesian Formulation of Exploratory Data Analysis and Goodness-of-fit Testing*

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                International Journal of Behavioral Development
                International Journal of Behavioral Development
                SAGE Publications
                0165-0254
                1464-0651
                January 13 2021
                : 016502542098164
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Michigan–Ann Arbor, USA
                [2 ]University of Michigan–Flint, USA
                Article
                10.1177/0165025420981642
                815f251d-fda4-4116-a252-a313d919d2e2
                © 2021

                http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license

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