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      Nasal mucociliary transportability of male and female smokers Translated title: Transportabilidade mucociliar nasal de homens e mulheres tabagistas

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Female smoker's present increased susceptibility to several diseases when compared to the opposite gender. However, there are no studies showing differences in nasal mucociliary transport behavior between male and female smokers.

          Objective

          To compare the nasal mucociliary transportability in male and female smokers and non-smokers, taking into consideration age, anthropometric data, smoking load and pulmonary function.

          Methods

          The analysis included 139 individuals (33 men and 37 women smokers and 32 men and 37 women non-smokers). All participants answered an initial interview to obtain personal data and smoking load. Anthropometric data and carbon monoxide in the exhaled air were assessed. Individuals also performed pulmonary function test and Saccharin Transit Time test. To compare saccharin transit time values between men and women, smokers and non-smokers, stratification of all independent variables was performed (sociodemographic, smoking and respiratory variables) into two categories: below and above the median values.

          Results

          There was no difference between men and women, smokers and non-smokers, regarding nasal mucociliary transportability. Significant differences were only observed between non-smokers. Among those with less forced vital capacity values (<97.37% of predicted), women presented mucociliary transport faster than men. Moreover, it was observed influence of BMI and COex (women smokers), FCV and FEV1 (men non-smokers) and FEF 25–75% (women non-smokers) on saccharin transit time values.

          Conclusion

          Based on the findings of this study, nasal mucociliary transport in male and female adult smokers, apparently healthy, are similar.

          Resumo

          Introdução

          Mulheres tabagistas apresentam maior susceptibilidade à diversas doenças quando comparadas ao sexo masculino. No entanto, não há estudos mostrando diferenças no comportamento do transporte mucociliar nasal entre tabagistas do sexo masculino e feminino.

          Objetivo

          Comparar a transportabilidade mucociliar nasal em homens e mulheres fumantes e não fumantes, levando em consideração idade, dados antropométricos, carga tabágica e função pulmonar.

          Método

          A análise incluiu 139 indivíduos (33 homens e 37 mulheres fumantes e 32 homens e 37 mulheres não fumantes). Todos os participantes responderam a uma entrevista inicial para a obtenção de dados pessoais e a carga tabágica. Dados antropométricos e monóxido de carbono no ar expirado foram avaliados. Os indivíduos também realizaram teste de função pulmonar e o teste de trânsito de sacarina. Para comparar os valores do teste de trânsito de sacarina entre homens e mulheres, fumantes e não fumantes, foi realizada a estratificação de todas as variáveis independentes (variáveis sociodemográficas, tabágicas e respiratórias) em duas categorias: abaixo e acima dos valores médios.

          Resultados

          Não houve diferenças entre homens e mulheres, fumantes e não fumantes, em relação à transportabilidade mucociliar nasal. Diferenças significativas foram observadas apenas entre não-fumantes. Entre os que apresentaram valores menores de capacidade vital forçada (<97,37% do previsto), as mulheres apresentaram transporte mucociliar mais rápido que os homens. Além disso, observou-se influência do IMC e COex (mulheres fumantes), CVF e VEF 1 (homens não fumantes) e FEF 25%-75% (mulheres não fumantes) sobre os valores do teste de trânsito de sacarina.

          Conclusão

          Com base nos achados desse estudo, o transporte mucociliar nasal em tabagistas masculinos e femininos adultos, aparentemente saudáveis, são semelhantes.

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          Most cited references38

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          Standardisation of spirometry.

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            The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire.

            We examine and refine the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ: Fagerström, 1978). The relation between each FTQ item and biochemical measures of heaviness of smoking was examined in 254 smokers. We found that the nicotine rating item and the inhalation item were unrelated to any of our biochemical measures and these two items were primary contributors to psychometric deficiencies in the FTQ. We also found that a revised scoring of time to the first cigarette of the day (TTF) and number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) improved the scale. We present a revision of the FTQ: the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND).
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              Female sex and oral contraceptive use accelerate nicotine metabolism.

              Several studies have reported that female smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer than male smokers. This could be related to sex differences in nicotine metabolism and related smoking behavior. This study tested the hypothesis that women metabolize nicotine more rapidly than men and that, among women, oral contraceptive users metabolize nicotine more rapidly than nonusers of oral contraceptives. Two hundred seventy-eight healthy volunteers who were twins and 16 who were siblings of twins, recruited from the Northern California Twin Registry, received an infusion of deuterium-labeled nicotine and cotinine with frequent blood sampling. The plasma clearances of nicotine and cotinine, the clearance of nicotine to cotinine (an index of cytochrome P450 [CYP] 2A6 activity), and the ratio of trans-3'-hydroxycotinine to cotinine (another indicator of CYP2A6 activity) were measured. The clearances of nicotine and cotinine, the clearance of nicotine to cotinine, and the trans-3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio were significantly higher in women than in men (nicotine clearance, 15.6 +/- 4.3 mL.min(-1).kg(-1) in men versus 18.8 +/- 6.6 mL.min(-1).kg(-1) in women; P < .001); they were also higher among women taking oral contraceptives than in those who were not taking oral contraceptives (nicotine clearance, 22.5 +/- 6.6 mL.min(-1).kg(-1) in women taking oral contraceptives versus 17.6 +/- 6.1 mL.min(-1).kg(-1) in those who were not; P < .05). Women who were menopausal or postmenopausal were not different from men. Among oral contraceptive users, nicotine metabolism was accelerated among those taking combined and estrogen-only contraceptives but not progesterone-only contraceptives. Sex hormones influence nicotine metabolism. Nicotine and cotinine metabolism is faster in women than in men and is faster in women taking oral contraceptives compared with those who are not. Accelerated nicotine metabolism appears to be a result of estrogen. Sex-related differences in nicotine clearance could affect smoking behaviors, as well as response to nicotine medications, and could be a marker for altered metabolism of nicotine-derived carcinogens.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
                Elsevier
                1808-8694
                1808-8686
                08 April 2017
                May-Jun 2018
                08 April 2017
                : 84
                : 3
                : 311-317
                Affiliations
                [0005]Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. juliana_uzeloto@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S1808-8694(17)30045-9
                10.1016/j.bjorl.2017.03.006
                9449236
                28442373
                8162cdd3-eed5-4ef0-83bf-651153f24415
                © 2017 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 12 December 2016
                : 23 March 2017
                Categories
                Original Article

                mucociliary transport,mucociliary clearance,sex characteristics,tobacco use disorder,smoking,saccharin,transporte mucociliar,clearance mucociliar,características sexuais,distúrbio do tabagismo,fumo,sacarina

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