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      Management of leg and pressure ulcer in hospitalized patients: direct costs are lower than expected Translated title: Behandlung des U. cruris und U. decubitus bei hospitalisierten Patienten: die direkten Behandlungskosten sind geringer als erwartet

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          Abstract

          Background: In Germany, cost calculations on the financial burden of wound treatment are scarce. Studies for attributable costs in hospitalized patients estimate for pressure ulcer additional costs of € 6,135.50 per patient, a calculation based on the assumption that pressure ulcers will lead to prolonged hospitalization averaging 2 months. The scant data available in this field prompted us to conduct a prospective economical study assessing the direct costs of treatment of chronic ulcers in hospitalized patients.

          Study design: The study was designed and conducted as an observational, prospective, multi-centre economical study over a period of 8 months in three community hospitals in Germany.

          Patients: Direct treatment costs for leg ulcer (n=77) and pressure ulcer (n=35) were determined observing 67 patients (average age: 75±12 years). 109 treatments representing 111 in-ward admissions and 62 outpatient visits were observed. During a total of 3,331 hospitalized and 867 outpatient wound therapies, 4,198 wound dressing changes were documented.

          Main outcome measure: Costs of material were calculated on a per item base. Direct costs of care and treatment, including materials used, surgical interventions, and personnel costs were determined.

          Results: An average of € 1,342 per patient (€ 48/d) was spent for treatment of leg ulcer (staff costs € 581, consumables € 458, surgical procedures € 189, and diagnostic procedures € 114). On average, each wound dressing change caused additional costs of € 15. For pressure ulcer, € 991 per patient (€ 52/d) was spent on average (staff costs € 313, consumables € 618, and for surgical procedures € 60). Each wound dressing change resulted in additional costs of € 20 on average.

          Conclusion: When direct costs of chronic wounds are calculated on a prospective case-by-case basis for a treatment period over 3 months, these costs are lower than estimated to date. While reduction in prevalence of chronic wounds along with optimised patient care will result in substantial cost saving, this saving might be lower than expected. Our results, however, do not serve as basis for making any conclusions on cost-benefit analysis for both, the affected individual, as well as for the society.

          Translated abstract

          Hintergrund: In Deutschland gibt es nur wenige Daten zu den Behandlungskosten von Wunden. Schätzungen der zuordenbaren Behandlungskosten hospitalisierter Patienten für U. decubitus gehen von 6.135,50 € pro Patient aus, kalkuliert auf der Annahme, dass es durch das U. decubitus zu einer verlängerten Hospitalisierung von durchschnittlich 2 Monaten kommt. Die spärlich verfügbaren Daten haben uns veranlasst, eine prospektive ökonomische Studie zur Ermittlung der direkten Behandlungskosten für chronische Ulcera bei hospitalisierten Patienten durchzuführen.

          Studiendesign: Die Studie wurde geplant und durchgeführt als prospektive multizentrische ökonomische Beobachtungsstudie für die Dauer von 6 Monaten in drei kommunalen deutschen Krankenhäusern.

          Patienten: Die direkten Behandlungskosten für Beinulcera (n=77) und Decubitalulcera (n=35) wurden durch Beobachtung von 67 Patienten bestimmt (durchschnittliches Alter 75+12 Jahre). Insgesamt wurden 4.198 Wunden dokumentiert, davon 3.331 im Krankenhaus und 867 ambulant versorgt.

          Kalkulationsbasis: Die Materialkosten wurden pro verwendete Einzelposition berechnet. Dazu wurden die Pflege- und Behandlungskosten einschließlich Kosten für chirurgische Interventionen und Personalkosten addiert.

          Ergebnisse: Durchschnittlich ergaben sich für die Behandlung von Beinulcera 1.342 € pro Patient (48 €/d), davon Personalkosten 581 €, Verbrauchsmaterial 458 €, chirurgische Maßnahmen 189 € und Diagnostik 114 €. Jeder Verbandwechsel verursachte durchschnittlich 15 €. Für das U. decubitus ergaben sich durchschnittlich 991 € pro Patient (52 €/d), davon Personalkosten 313 €, Verbrauchsmaterial 618 € und chirurgische Maßnahmen 60 €. Jeder Verbandwechsel verursachte durchschnittlich 20 €.

          Schlussfolgerung: Wenn die direkten Kosten für chronische Ulcera auf der Basis einer prospektiven Fall-bezogenen Analyse für eine Behandlungsdauer von drei Monaten berechnet werden, ergeben sich geringere Kosten als erwartet. Obwohl die Reduktion der Prävalenz chronischer Wunden durch optimierte Patientenpflege zu einer Kosteneinsparung führt, kann das Einsparpotential geringer ausfallen als erwartet. Unsere Ergebnisse erlauben keine Schlussfolgerung für eine Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse in Hinblick auf den betroffenen Patienten sowie die Gesellschaft.

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          Most cited references25

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          Treatment options for diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

          Diabetic foot ulcers are a common problem and result in more than 85,000 lower extremity amputations each year in the United States. Studies have suggested that between 25% and 50% of costs related to inpatient diabetes care may be directly attributable to the diabetic foot. Novel treatments for these wounds, while expensive, have been reported to improve healing rates, although no formal cost effectiveness analyses have been performed in order to address the cost effectiveness of a given therapy. To estimate the cost effectiveness of common treatment strategies for diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers. Four main options are available for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: (1) standard care (SC), (2) standard treatment in a specialized wound care center (WCC), (3) treatment with becaplermin, (4) or treatment with platelet releasate (PR). We utilized effectiveness data from published clinical trials, meta-analyses, and a database that includes data on 26,599 patients with these wounds. Effectiveness was assessed as a percentage of ulcers healed at 20 and 32 weeks. Baseline effectiveness (with 95% confidence intervals) for SC, becaplermin, PR, and WCC care were 30.9% (26.6, 35.1), 43.0% (37.3, 48.7), 36.8% (35.4, 38.2), and 35.6% (34.8, 36.4), respectively. Cost:effectiveness ratios for PR versus SC and becaplermin versus SC were 414.40 and 36.59, respectively. Therefore the incremental cost of increasing the odds of healing by 1% over standard therapy was $414.40 for PR and $36.59 for becaplermin. PR, becaplermin, and WCC care all provided improved healing rates over standard care, and becaplermin was less expensive and more effective than PR after 20 weeks of care.
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            Comparison of pressure ulcer treatments in long-term care facilities: clinical outcomes and impact on cost.

            This study compared clinical outcomes and nursing labor costs associated with (a) balsam Peru, hydrogenated castor oil, and trypsin (BCT) ointment; (b) BCT + Other; and (c) Other treatments in 2014 wound episodes occurring in 861 patients (mean 2.34 wounds/patient). Treatment with BCT ointment or BCT + Other was associated with a higher healing rate (P < .05). No Stage 1 or 2 ulcer treated with BCT ointment progressed, compared with 13.8% treated with BCT + Other and 13.4% treated with Other. The reported mean duration of treatment and time to heal were shorter for ulcers treated with BCT ointment, but differences did not reach significance, possibly because of the variability in reported treatment times. Mean daily nursing labor costs were lower for treatment with BCT than Other ($50.8 vs $61.7, P < .05). These data suggest that treatment of Stage 1 or 2 ulcers with BCT may be associated with shorter treatment time and time to heal and a potential reduction in treatment-related nursing labor costs.
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              Major costs associated with pressure sores.

              Cost drivers in the treatment of full-thickness pressure sores were identified from the literature, Medicare data tapes and interviews with health-care providers. The following were identified as cost drivers in pressure sore treatment: nursing time related to wound care; nursing time devoted to patient position changes; dressing products; patient support devices; antibiotics; room charges for nursing home care; doctor visits for nursing home and home care patients; surgical debridement for nursing home and home care patients; hospital admissions for medical treatment for pressure sores; admissions for surgical treatment for pressure sores; and additional costs for hospital stays when patients who are admitted for other diagnoses develop sores. These cost drivers may be useful to health-care providers in developing cost-effective strategies for treating and preventing pressure sores.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip
                GMS Krankenhaushyg Interdiszip
                GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinär
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1863-5245
                15 December 2011
                2011
                : 6
                : 1 , Prevention and therapy of nosocomial infections
                : Doc07
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Clinical Institute for Hospital Hygiene, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
                [2 ]Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
                [3 ]Faculty of Business Administration, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
                [4 ]Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Clinic of Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ojan Assadian, Clinical Institute for Hospital Hygiene, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Tel.: +43-1-40400-1904; Fax: +43-1-40400-1907, E-mail: ojan.assadian@ 123456meduniwien.ac.at
                Article
                dgkh000164 Doc07 urn:nbn:de:0183-dgkh0001641
                10.3205/dgkh000164
                3252667
                22242088
                81ae2731-3c0c-4801-a8f2-0b825babf7fa
                Copyright © 2011 Assadian et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.

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                Categories
                Article

                Public health
                diagnostic procedures,consumables,costs chronic wounds,surgical procedures,staff
                Public health
                diagnostic procedures, consumables, costs chronic wounds, surgical procedures, staff

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