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      Alcohol and Tobacco use While Breastfeeding and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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          Abstract

          Research has linked prenatal alcohol and tobacco use with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and variably with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Lactational use has been scantly considered. This study examined whether it may alter ADHD or ASD risk. Participants were 5107 infants recruited in 2004 and assessed longitudinally for the Growing Up in Australia Study. Logistic regression did not find any associations between maternal alcohol and tobacco use while breastfeeding and ADHD or ASD diagnosis at ages 6–7 or 10–11 years. Alcohol and tobacco use during lactation may not increase ADHD or ASD risk. Abstaining from alcohol and tobacco, however, may still be the safest option. Analyses were limited by lack of alcohol timing and retrospective variables that future research should address.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10803-021-05027-3.

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          Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing

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            G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

            G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions. It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical tests of the t, F, and chi2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses for z tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors, G*Power 3 is free.
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              Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses.

              G*Power is a free power analysis program for a variety of statistical tests. We present extensions and improvements of the version introduced by Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, and Buchner (2007) in the domain of correlation and regression analyses. In the new version, we have added procedures to analyze the power of tests based on (1) single-sample tetrachoric correlations, (2) comparisons of dependent correlations, (3) bivariate linear regression, (4) multiple linear regression based on the random predictor model, (5) logistic regression, and (6) Poisson regression. We describe these new features and provide a brief introduction to their scope and handling.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                louisa.gibson@hdr.mq.edu.au
                melanie.porter@mq.edu.au
                Journal
                J Autism Dev Disord
                J Autism Dev Disord
                Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
                Springer US (New York )
                0162-3257
                1573-3432
                24 April 2021
                : 1-12
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.1004.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2158 5405, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, , Macquarie University, ; Balaclava Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7235-8963
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-1732
                Article
                5027
                10.1007/s10803-021-05027-3
                8067780
                33893938
                81b00f2a-8170-4a30-87d0-1c74053a0fbb
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 14 April 2021
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Neurology
                autism spectrum disorder,attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,breastfeeding,alcohol,tobacco

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