Signaling Components Involved in Leptin-Induced Amplification of the Atherosclerosis-Related Properties of Human Monocytes

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Abstract

Background/Aims: Leptin, a 16-kDa cytokine that is released mainly by the adipose tissue, is known to affect a wide assortment of processes, ranging from energy homeostasis to angiogenesis and the immune response. In the present study, the effect of leptin on atherosclerosis-related properties of human monocytes was investigated. Methods: Monocytes were isolated from whole blood obtained from healthy donors who had normal body mass index values. Pharmacological inhibition of specific signaling proteins was implemented. Fluorescence spectrometry and immunofluorescence techniques, as well as ELISA methods, were utilized. Leptin dose response curves were determined for each type of experiment. Results: Leptin (160 ng/ml) was found to augment monocyte adhesion to laminin-1 and its migration through this glycoprotein, which is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix. Additionally, leptin increased CD36-receptor surface expression, as well as moderately oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL3) uptake levels. Conclusion: Leptin amplifies the pro-atheromatic properties of human monocytes through a complex signaling net which involves the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform-1, the actin cytoskeleton, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, certain conventional isoforms of protein kinase C and NADPH oxidase.

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Scavenger receptors class A-I/II and CD36 are the principal receptors responsible for the uptake of modified low density lipoprotein leading to lipid loading in macrophages.

Vidya Kunjathoor, Maria Febbraio, Eugene A. Podrez … (2002)

Modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) can result in the avid uptake of these lipoproteins via a family of macrophage transmembrane proteins referred to as scavenger receptors (SRs). The genetic inactivation of either of two SR family members, SR-A or CD36, has been shown previously to reduce oxidized LDL uptake in vitro and atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Several other SRs are reported to bind modified LDL, but their contribution to macrophage lipid accumulation is uncertain. We generated mice lacking both SR-A and CD36 to determine their combined impact on macrophage lipid uptake and to assess the contribution of other SRs to this process. We show that SR-A and CD36 account for 75-90% of degradation of LDL modified by acetylation or oxidation. Cholesteryl ester derived from modified lipoproteins fails to accumulate in macrophages taken from the double null mice, as assessed by histochemistry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These results demonstrate that SR-A and CD36 are responsible for the preponderance of modified LDL uptake in macrophages and that other scavenger receptors do not compensate for their absence.

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The weight of leptin in immunity.

Antonio La Cava, Giuseppe Matarese (2004)

Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone/cytokine that links nutritional status with neuroendocrine and immune functions. As a hormone, leptin regulates food intake and basal metabolism, and is sexually dimorphic - that is, its serum concentration is higher in females than in males with a similar body fat mass. As a cytokine, leptin can affect thymic homeostasis and the secretion of acute-phase reactants such as interleukin-1 and tumour-necrosis factor. Similar to other pro-inflammatory cytokines, leptin promotes T helper 1 (TH1)-cell differentiation and can modulate the onset and progression of autoimmune responses in several animal models of disease. Here, we review the advances and controversy for a role of leptin in the pathophysiology of immune responses.

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Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin.

Ursula Meier, Axel M Gressner (2004)

Recent studies point to the adipose tissue as a highly active endocrine organ secreting a range of hormones. Leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin are considered to take part in the regulation of energy metabolism. This review summarizes recent knowledge on leptin and its receptor and on ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin, and emphasizes their roles in pathobiochemistry and clinical chemistry. Leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are produced by the adipose tissue. The protein leptin, a satiety hormone, regulates appetite and energy balance of the body. Adiponectin could suppress the development of atherosclerosis and liver fibrosis and might play a role as an antiinflammatory hormone. Increased resistin concentrations might cause insulin resistance and thus could link obesity with type II diabetes. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach. In addition to its role in long-term regulation of energy metabolism, it is involved in the short-term regulation of feeding. These hormones have important roles in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, reproduction, cardiovascular function, and immunity. They directly influence other organ systems, including the brain, liver, and skeletal muscle, and are significantly regulated by nutritional status. This newly discovered secretory function has extended the biological relevance of adipose tissue, which is no longer considered as only an energy storage site. The functional roles, structures, synthesis, analytical aspects, and clinical significance of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin are summarized.

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Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): JVR

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Vasc Res

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1018-1172

Title: Journal of Vascular Research

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 1018-1172

ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0135

Publication date Subscription-year: 2009

Publication date (Print): April 2009

Publication date (Electronic): 09 October 2008

Volume: 46

Issue: 3

Pages: 199-208

Affiliations

^aLaboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, ^bLaboratory for the Study of Metabolic Diseases, B Medical Clinic, and ^cLaboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Article

Publisher ID: 161234 Other ID: J Vasc Res 2009;46:199–208

DOI: 10.1159/000161234

PubMed ID: 18843191

SO-VID: 81b81d68-9b1c-4eae-936d-42b7577312e0

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Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

History

Date received : 06 March 2008

Date accepted : 01 May 2008

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Figures: 5, Tables: 1, References: 44, Pages: 10

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Signaling Components Involved in Leptin-Induced Amplification of the Atherosclerosis-Related Properties of Human Monocytes

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Karger: Cardiovascular System

Most cited references 30

Scavenger receptors class A-I/II and CD36 are the principal receptors responsible for the uptake of modified low density lipoprotein leading to lipid loading in macrophages.

The weight of leptin in immunity.

Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin.

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