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      Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations

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          Abstract

          Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-07460-7.

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          Recommendations for Conduct, Methodological Practices, and Reporting of Cost-effectiveness Analyses: Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine.

          Since publication of the report by the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine in 1996, researchers have advanced the methods of cost-effectiveness analysis, and policy makers have experimented with its application. The need to deliver health care efficiently and the importance of using analytic techniques to understand the clinical and economic consequences of strategies to improve health have increased in recent years.
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            GRIPP2 reporting checklists: tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research

            GRIPP2 (short form and long form) is the first international guidance for reporting of patient and public involvement in health and social care research. This paper describes the development of the GRIPP2 reporting checklists, which aim to improve the quality, transparency, and consistency of the international patient and public involvement (PPI) evidence base, to ensure that PPI practice is based on the best evidence
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              Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS)--explanation and elaboration: a report of the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices Task Force.

              Economic evaluations of health interventions pose a particular challenge for reporting because substantial information must be conveyed to allow scrutiny of study findings. Despite a growth in published reports, existing reporting guidelines are not widely adopted. There is also a need to consolidate and update existing guidelines and promote their use in a user-friendly manner. A checklist is one way to help authors, editors, and peer reviewers use guidelines to improve reporting. The task force's overall goal was to provide recommendations to optimize the reporting of health economic evaluations. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement is an attempt to consolidate and update previous health economic evaluation guidelines into one current, useful reporting guidance. The CHEERS Elaboration and Explanation Report of the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices Task Force facilitates the use of the CHEERS statement by providing examples and explanations for each recommendation. The primary audiences for the CHEERS statement are researchers reporting economic evaluations and the editors and peer reviewers assessing them for publication. The need for new reporting guidance was identified by a survey of medical editors. Previously published checklists or guidance documents related to reporting economic evaluations were identified from a systematic review and subsequent survey of task force members. A list of possible items from these efforts was created. A two-round, modified Delphi Panel with representatives from academia, clinical practice, industry, and government, as well as the editorial community, was used to identify a minimum set of items important for reporting from the larger list. Out of 44 candidate items, 24 items and accompanying recommendations were developed, with some specific recommendations for single study-based and model-based economic evaluations. The final recommendations are subdivided into six main categories: 1) title and abstract, 2) introduction, 3) methods, 4) results, 5) discussion, and 6) other. The recommendations are contained in the CHEERS statement, a user-friendly 24-item checklist. The task force report provides explanation and elaboration, as well as an example for each recommendation. The ISPOR CHEERS statement is available online via Value in Health or the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices - CHEERS Task Force webpage (http://www.ispor.org/TaskForces/EconomicPubGuidelines.asp). We hope that the ISPOR CHEERS statement and the accompanying task force report guidance will lead to more consistent and transparent reporting, and ultimately, better health decisions. To facilitate wider dissemination and uptake of this guidance, we are copublishing the CHEERS statement across 10 health economics and medical journals. We encourage other journals and groups to consider endorsing the CHEERS statement. The author team plans to review the checklist for an update in 5 years. Copyright © 2013 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                donh@donhusereau.com
                Journal
                BMC Health Serv Res
                BMC Health Serv Res
                BMC Health Services Research
                BioMed Central (London )
                1472-6963
                27 January 2022
                27 January 2022
                2022
                : 22
                : 114
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.28046.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 2255, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, , University of Ottawa, ; Ontario, Canada
                [2 ]GRID grid.414721.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0218 1341, Institute of Health Economics, ; Alberta, Canada
                [3 ]GRID grid.5685.e, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9668, Centre for Health Economics, , University of York, ; York, UK
                [4 ]GRID grid.414661.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0439 4692, Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), ; Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [5 ]GRID grid.7345.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0056 1981, University of Buenos Aires, ; Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [6 ]GRID grid.423606.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1945 2152, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), ; Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [7 ]GRID grid.6906.9, ISNI 0000000092621349, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, , Erasmus University Rotterdam, ; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
                [8 ]GRID grid.8991.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0425 469X, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, ; London, England, UK
                [9 ]GRID grid.420067.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 1209, Adis Journals, Springer Nature, ; Auckland, New Zealand
                [10 ]GRID grid.28046.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 2255, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, , University of Ottawa, ; Ontario, Canada
                [11 ]GRID grid.412687.e, ISNI 0000 0000 9606 5108, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ; Ontario, Canada
                [12 ]GRID grid.5645.2, ISNI 000000040459992X, Department of Epidemiology, , Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, ; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
                [13 ]GRID grid.223827.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2193 0096, Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, , University of Utah, ; Salt Lake City, Utah USA
                [14 ]GRID grid.7489.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0511, Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, ; Be’er-Sheva, Israel
                [15 ]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Harvard Medical School, ; Boston, MA USA
                [16 ]GRID grid.431398.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8489, The BMJ, ; London, UK
                [17 ]GRID grid.416262.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0629 621X, RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, ; Research Triangle Park, NC USA
                [18 ]GRID grid.411024.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2175 4264, School of Pharmacy, , University of Maryland Baltimore, ; Baltimore, MD USA
                [19 ]GRID grid.4991.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
                [20 ]GRID grid.454740.6, National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, ; Taipei City, Taiwan
                [21 ]GRID grid.7372.1, ISNI 0000 0000 8809 1613, Warwick Research in Nursing, , University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, ; Warwick, UK
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4416-6876
                Article
                7460
                10.1186/s12913-021-07460-7
                8793223
                35081957
                81babc07-2bf6-4e8d-823b-45d06abf77a0
                © The Author(s) 2022

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