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      Chimpanzee Personality and the Arginine Vasopressin Receptor 1A Genotype

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          Abstract

          Polymorphisms of the arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1a) gene have been linked to various measures related to human social behavior, including sibling conflict and agreeableness. In chimpanzees, AVPR1a polymorphisms have been associated with traits important for social interactions, including sociability, joint attention, dominance, conscientiousness, and hierarchical personality dimensions named low alpha/stability, disinhibition, and negative emotionality/low dominance. We examined associations between AVPR1a and six personality domains and hierarchical personality dimensions in 129 chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) living in Japan or in a sanctuary in Guinea. We fit three linear and three animal models. The first model included genotype, the second included sex and genotype, and the third included genotype, sex, and sex × genotype. All personality phenotypes were heritable. Chimpanzees possessing the long form of the allele were higher in conscientiousness, but only in models that did not include the other predictors; however, additional analyses suggested that this may have been a consequence of study design. In animal models that included sex and sex × genotype, chimpanzees homozygous for the short form of the allele were higher in extraversion. Taken with the findings of previous studies of chimpanzees and humans, the findings related to conscientiousness suggest that AVPR1a may be related to lower levels of impulsive aggression. The direction of the association between AVPR1a genotype and extraversion ran counter to what one would expect if AVPR1a was related to social behaviors. These results help us further understand the genetic basis of personality in chimpanzees.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10519-016-9822-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Estimating genetic parameters in natural populations using the "animal model".

          Estimating the genetic basis of quantitative traits can be tricky for wild populations in natural environments, as environmental variation frequently obscures the underlying evolutionary patterns. I review the recent application of restricted maximum-likelihood "animal models" to multigenerational data from natural populations, and show how the estimation of variance components and prediction of breeding values using these methods offer a powerful means of tackling the potentially confounding effects of environmental variation, as well as generating a wealth of new areas of investigation.
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            Microsatellite instability generates diversity in brain and sociobehavioral traits.

            Repetitive microsatellites mutate at relatively high rates and may contribute to the rapid evolution of species-typical traits. We show that individual alleles of a repetitive polymorphic microsatellite in the 5' region of the prairie vole vasopressin 1a receptor (avpr1a) gene modify gene expression in vitro. In vivo, we observe that this regulatory polymorphism predicts both individual differences in receptor distribution patterns and socio-behavioral traits. These data suggest that individual differences in gene expression patterns may be conferred via polymorphic microsatellites in the cis-regulatory regions of genes and may contribute to normal variation in behavioral traits.
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              Genetic variation in the vasopressin receptor 1a gene (AVPR1A) associates with pair-bonding behavior in humans.

              Pair-bonding has been suggested to be a critical factor in the evolutionary development of the social brain. The brain neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) exerts an important influence on pair-bonding behavior in voles. There is a strong association between a polymorphic repeat sequence in the 5' flanking region of the gene (avpr1a) encoding one of the AVP receptor subtypes (V1aR), and proneness for monogamous behavior in males of this species. It is not yet known whether similar mechanisms are important also for human pair-bonding. Here, we report an association between one of the human AVPR1A repeat polymorphisms (RS3) and traits reflecting pair-bonding behavior in men, including partner bonding, perceived marital problems, and marital status, and show that the RS3 genotype of the males also affects marital quality as perceived by their spouses. These results suggest an association between a single gene and pair-bonding behavior in humans, and indicate that the well characterized influence of AVP on pair-bonding in voles may be of relevance also for humans.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                + 44 131 650 3456 , alex.weiss@ed.ac.uk
                Journal
                Behav Genet
                Behav. Genet
                Behavior Genetics
                Springer US (New York )
                0001-8244
                1573-3297
                2 November 2016
                2 November 2016
                2017
                : 47
                : 2
                : 215-226
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, GRID grid.4305.2, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, , The University of Edinburgh, ; 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Cognitive Ethology, German Primate Center, , Georg-August-University Goettingen, Leibniz-ScienceCampus, ; Göttingen, Germany
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2232 2818, GRID grid.9759.2, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, , University of Kent, ; Canterbury, UK
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0372 2033, GRID grid.258799.8, Wildlife Research Center, , Kyoto University, ; Kyoto, Japan
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0372 2033, GRID grid.258799.8, Institute for Advanced Study, , Kyoto University, ; Kyoto, Japan
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0372 2033, GRID grid.258799.8, Primate Research Institute, , Kyoto University, ; Inuyama, Japan
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0004 4649 1909, GRID grid.471626.0, , Japan Monkey Centre, ; Inuyama, Japan
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0746 5933, GRID grid.140139.e, , National Institute for Environmental Studies, ; Tsukuba, Japan
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-1555
                Article
                9822
                10.1007/s10519-016-9822-2
                5306277
                27804047
                81bb5ab8-2dca-47ed-a4fd-b68de745dd64
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 19 January 2016
                : 29 September 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP)
                Award ID: 25118005
                Award ID: 25290082
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London (GB)
                Award ID: PE14030
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: University of Edinburgh Development Trust
                Award ID: 2828
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000594, Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation;
                Award ID: 6515/6818
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017

                Genetics
                animal model,avpr1a,chimpanzee,heritability,personality,vasopressin
                Genetics
                animal model, avpr1a, chimpanzee, heritability, personality, vasopressin

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