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      Distribution of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in glioblastoma

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Aim:

          Evaluation of features related to infiltrating immune cell level in glioblastoma.

          Methods:

          Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) through H&E staining, and TILs (CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD20) and macrophage (CD68 and CD163) levels through immunohistochemistry were evaluated through digital analysis.

          Results:

          CD68 (9.1%), CD163 (2.2%), CD3 (1.6%) and CD8 (1.6%) had the highest density. Higher CD4 + was associated with unmethylated MGMT (p = 0.016). Higher CD8 + was associated with larger tumoral size (p = 0.027). Higher CD163 + was associated with higher age (p = 0.044) and recursive partitioning analysis = 4. Women (p < 0.05), total resection (p < 0.05), MGMT-methylation (p < 0.001), radiotherapy (p < 0.001), chemotherapy (p < 0.001) and lower CD4 + (p < 0.05) were associated with longer overall survival.

          Conclusion:

          Macrophages are more frequent than TILs. Some subsets are associated with clinical features.

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          Most cited references28

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          Intratumoral balance of regulatory and cytotoxic T cells is associated with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection.

          Qiang Gao, Shuang-Jian Qiu, Jia Fan … (2007)
          To investigate the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), especially regulatory T cells (Tregs), in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after resection. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, Foxp3-positive, and granzyme B-positive TILs were assessed by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays containing HCC from 302 patients. Prognostic effects of low- or high-density TIL subsets were evaluated by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis using median values as cutoff. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ TILs were associated with neither overall survival (OS) nor disease-free survival (DFS). The presence of low intratumoral Tregs in combination with high intratumoral activated CD8+ cytotoxic cells (CTLs), a balance toward CTLs, was an independent prognostic factor for both improved DFS (P = .001) and OS (P < .0001). Five-year OS and DFS rates were only 24.1% and 19.8% for the group with intratumoral high Tregs and low activated CTLs, compared with 64.0% and 59.4% for the group with intratumoral low Tregs and high activated CTLs, respectively. Either intratumoral Tregs alone (P = .001) or intratumoral activated CTLs (P = .001) alone is also an independent predictor for OS. In addition, high Tregs density was associated with both absence of tumor encapsulation (P = .032) and presence of tumor vascular invasion (P = .031). Tregs are associated with HCC invasiveness, and intratumoral balance of regulatory and cytotoxic T cells is a promising independent predictor for recurrence and survival in HCC. A combination of depletion of Tregs and concomitant stimulation of effector T cells may be an effective immunotherapy to reduce recurrence and prolong survival after surgery.
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            Prevalence of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells increases during the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its premalignant lesions.

            Nobuyoshi Hiraoka, Kaoru Onozato, Tomoo Kosuge … (2006)
            Antitumor immune response changes drastically during the progression of cancers. Established cancers often escape from the host immune system, although specific immune surveillance operates in the early stages of tumorigenesis in murine models. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (TR) play a central role in self-tolerance and suppress effective antitumor immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance and roles of TR in the progression and multistep carcinogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We raised anti-FOXP3 antibodies and used them in immunohistochemical studies of the prevalence of FOXP3+CD4+CD25+ TR in the CD4+ T cells, which infiltrated in tissue and draining lymph nodes of 198 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, their premalignant lesions (84 lesions of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias and 51 intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms), and 15 nonneoplastic pancreatic lesions. The prevalence of TR was significantly increased in the ductal adenocarcinomas compared with that in the stroma of nonneoplastic inflammation (P<0.0001). The increased prevalence of T(R) was significantly correlated with certain clinicopathologic factors. A better prognosis was observed in patients with a low prevalence of T(R), and this was independent of other survival factors (P<0.0001). Infiltration of intraepithelial CD8+TIA-1+ cytotoxic T cells in pancreatic ducts was marked in low-grade premalignant lesions but diminished during the progression of both pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias and intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms. Conversely, the prevalence of TR increased significantly during the progression of premalignant lesions. T(R) play a role in controlling the immune response against pancreatic ductal carcinoma from the premalignant stage to established cancer. In pancreatic ductal carcinoma, a high prevalence of TR seems to be a marker of poor prognosis.
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              Inactivation of the DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase by promoter hypermethylation is a common event in primary human neoplasia.

              M. Esteller, S Hamilton, P Burger … (1999)
              The DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes alkyl adducts from the O6 position of guanine. MGMT expression is decreased in some tumor tissues, and lack of activity has been observed in some cell lines. Loss of expression is rarely due to deletion, mutation, or rearrangement of the MGMT gene, but methylation of discrete regions of the CpG island of MGMT has been associated with the silencing of the gene in cell lines. We used methylation-specific PCR to study the promoter methylation of the MGMT gene. All normal tissues and expressing cancer cell lines were unmethylated, whereas nonexpressing cancer cell lines were methylated. Among the more than 500 primary human tumors examined, MGMT hypermethylation was present in a subset of specific types of cancer. In gliomas and colorectal carcinomas, aberrant methylation was detected in 40% of the tumors, whereas in non-small cell lung carcinomas, lymphomas, and head and neck carcinomas, this alteration was found in 25% of the tumors. MGMT methylation was found rarely or not at all in other tumor types. We also analyzed MGMT expression by immunohistochemistry in relation to the methylation status in 31 primary tumors. The presence of aberrant hypermethylation was associated with loss of MGMT protein, in contrast to retention of protein in the majority of tumors without aberrant hypermethylation. Our results suggest that epigenetic inactivation of MGMT plays an important role in primary human neoplasia.
              Article 0 comments Cited 200 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): CNS Oncol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): CNS Oncol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CNS
                Title: CNS Oncology
                Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd (London, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 2045-0907
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-0915
                Publication date Collection: December 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 October 2018
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: CNS21
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Neurosurgery Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, 15038, Peru
                [2 ]Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, 15038, Peru
                [3 ]Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana San Juan Bautista, Lima, 15067, Peru
                [4 ]Pathology Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, 15038, Peru
                [5 ]Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
                Author notes
                *Author for correspondence: Tel.: +511 992 157 220; Fax: +511 620 4991; carloscastanedaaltamirano@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.2217/cns-2017-0037
                PMC ID: 6331699
                PubMed ID: 30299157
                SO-VID: 81ed721c-7340-4639-974d-94bb97a4189f
                Copyright © © 2018 Orrego, Castaneda, Castillo et al.
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial NonDerivative 4.0 Unported License

                History
                Date received : 16 October 2017
                Date accepted : 03 May 2018
                Date: 09 October 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: biomarker,glioblastoma,macrophages,mgmt,overall survival,prognosis,tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
                Data availability:
                Keywords: biomarker, glioblastoma, macrophages, mgmt, overall survival, prognosis, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

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