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      The impact of COVID-19 on mentoring early-career investigators : “Everything can wait. Listen more than usual and share your own struggles”

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          Abstract

          The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted almost all sectors of academic training and research, but the impact on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) research mentoring has yet to be documented. We present the perspectives of diverse, experienced mentors in a range of HIV research disciplines on the impact of COVID-19 on mentoring the next generation of HIV researchers.

          In November to December, 2020, we used an online data collection platform to cross-sectionally query previously-trained HIV mentors on the challenges related to mentoring during the pandemic, surprising/positive aspects of mentoring in that context, and recommendations for other mentors. Data were coded and analyzed following a thematic analysis approach.

          Respondents (180 of 225 mentors invited [80% response]) reported challenges related to relationship building/maintenance, disruptions in mentees’ training and research progress, and mentee and mentor distress, with particular concerns regarding mentees who are parents or from underrepresented minority backgrounds. Positive/surprising aspects included logistical ease of remote mentoring, the relationship-edifying result of the shared pandemic experience, mentee resilience and gratitude, and increased enjoyment of mentoring. Recommendations included practical tips, encouragement for patience and persistence, and prioritizing supporting mentees’ and one's own mental well-being.

          Findings revealed gaps in HIV mentors’ competencies, including the effective use of remote mentoring tools, how to work with mentees in times of distress, and the prioritization of mentor well-being. Mentors are in a unique position to identify and potentially address factors that may lead to mentees leaving their fields, especially parents and those from underrepresented backgrounds. We discuss implications beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

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          Ending the HIV Epidemic

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            Does Mentoring Matter? A Multidisciplinary Meta-Analysis Comparing Mentored and Non-Mentored Individuals.

            The study of mentoring has generally been conducted within disciplinary silos with a specific type of mentoring relationship as a focus. The purpose of this article is to quantitatively review the three major areas of mentoring research (youth, academic, workplace) to determine the overall effect size associated with mentoring outcomes for protégés. We also explored whether the relationship between mentoring and protégé outcomes varied by the type of mentoring relationship (youth, academic, workplace). Results demonstrate that mentoring is associated with a wide range of favorable behavioral, attitudinal, health-related, relational, motivational, and career outcomes, although the effect size is generally small. Some differences were also found across type of mentoring. Generally, larger effect sizes were detected for academic and workplace mentoring compared to youth mentoring. Implications for future research, theory, and applied practice are provided.
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              Characteristics of successful and failed mentoring relationships: a qualitative study across two academic health centers.

              To explore the mentor-mentee relationship with a focus on determining the characteristics of effective mentors and mentees and understanding the factors influencing successful and failed mentoring relationships. The authors completed a qualitative study through the Departments of Medicine at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine and the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine between March 2010 and January 2011. They conducted individual, semistructured interviews with faculty members from different career streams and ranks and analyzed transcripts of the interviews, drawing on grounded theory. The authors completed interviews with 54 faculty members and identified a number of themes, including the characteristics of effective mentors and mentees, actions of effective mentors, characteristics of successful and failed mentoring relationships, and tactics for successful mentoring relationships. Successful mentoring relationships were characterized by reciprocity, mutual respect, clear expectations, personal connection, and shared values. Failed mentoring relationships were characterized by poor communication, lack of commitment, personality differences, perceived (or real) competition, conflicts of interest, and the mentor's lack of experience. Successful mentorship is vital to career success and satisfaction for both mentors and mentees. Yet challenges continue to inhibit faculty members from receiving effective mentorship. Given the importance of mentorship on faculty members' careers, future studies must address the association between a failed mentoring relationship and a faculty member's career success, how to assess different approaches to mediating failed mentoring relationships, and how to evaluate strategies for effective mentorship throughout a faculty member's career.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Medicine (Baltimore)
                Medicine (Baltimore)
                MEDI
                Medicine
                Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )
                0025-7974
                1536-5964
                08 October 2021
                08 October 2021
                08 October 2021
                : 100
                : 40
                : e27423
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
                [b ]San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA
                [c ]Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
                Author notes
                []Correspondence: Mallory O. Johnson, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th St. 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (e-mail: Mallory.Johnson@ 123456ucsf.edu ).
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0480-2804
                Article
                MD-D-21-03601 27423
                10.1097/MD.0000000000027423
                8500630
                34622852
                81eea1f2-7fa4-4c0e-908c-3258e46949a8
                Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

                History
                : 14 May 2021
                : 31 August 2021
                : 17 September 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
                Award ID: P30AI027763
                Award Recipient : Monica Gandhi
                Funded by: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
                Award ID: R24AI067039
                Award Recipient : Michael S. Saag
                Funded by: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
                Award ID: P30AI027767
                Award Recipient : Michael S. Saag
                Funded by: National Institute of Mental Health
                Award ID: P30MH062246
                Award Recipient : Mallory O. Johnson
                Funded by: National Institute of Mental Health
                Award ID: R24MH094274
                Award Recipient : Monica Gandhi
                Funded by: National Institute on Drug Abuse
                Award ID: R25DA043441
                Award Recipient : Jonathan D. Fuchs
                Funded by: National Institute on Drug Abuse
                Award ID: K24DA037034
                Award Recipient : Mallory O. Johnson
                Funded by: National Institute of Mental Health
                Award ID: K24MH087220
                Award Recipient : Mallory O. Johnson
                Funded by: National Institute of Mental Health
                Award ID: K01MH113475
                Award Recipient : John A. Sauceda
                Funded by: National Institute on Drug Abuse
                Award ID: K24DA051328
                Award Recipient : Jae M. Sevelius
                Funded by: National Institute on Drug Abuse
                Award ID: K24DA039780
                Award Recipient : Elise D. Riley
                Funded by: UCSF AIDS Research Institute
                Award ID: Boost Award
                Award Recipient : Mallory O. Johnson
                Categories
                4850
                Research Article
                Observational Study
                Custom metadata
                TRUE

                aids,career development,covid-19,hiv,mentoring
                aids, career development, covid-19, hiv, mentoring

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