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      Potential Use of Seaweed Bioactive Compounds in Skincare—A Review

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          Abstract

          Modern lifestyles have developed new attention on appearance and personal care which attract a huge number of consumers towards cosmetic products. The demand for a skincare product with natural ingredients is rapidly increasing. Seaweeds are major resources for in-demand active compounds with a wide variety of applications. The use of seaweed-derived ingredients in cosmetic products has increased in recent years as many scientific studies have proved the potential skincare properties of seaweed bioactive compounds. This review emphasizes possible skincare properties of seaweed bioactive compounds. The review outlines the mechanism involved in skin problems including hyperpigmentation, premature skin aging, and acne in the first part while the second part focuses on the promising application of seaweeds in skin protection by highlighting the bioactive compound responsible for their bioactivity.

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          Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging

          Eleni Papakonstantinou, Michael Roth, George Karakiulakis (2012)
          Skin aging is a multifactorial process consisting of two distinct and independent mechanisms: intrinsic and extrinsic aging. Youthful skin retains its turgor, resilience and pliability, among others, due to its high content of water. Daily external injury, in addition to the normal process of aging, causes loss of moisture. The key molecule involved in skin moisture is hyaluronic acid (HA) that has unique capacity in retaining water. There are multiple sites for the control of HA synthesis, deposition, cell and protein association and degradation, reflecting the complexity of HA metabolism. The enzymes that synthesize or catabolize HA and HA receptors responsible for many of the functions of HA are all multigene families with distinct patterns of tissue expression. Understanding the metabolism of HA in the different layers of the skin and the interactions of HA with other skin components will facilitate the ability to modulate skin moisture in a rational manner.
          Article 0 comments Cited 221 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Amino acids, fatty acids, and dietary fibre in edible seaweed products

            Christine Dawczynski, Rainer Schubert, Gerhard Jahreis (2007)
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              The magic glue hyaluronan and its eraser hyaluronidase: a biological overview.

              K. L. Girish, K. Kemparaju (2007)
              Hyaluronan (HA) is a multifunctional high molecular weight polysaccharide found throughout the animal kingdom, especially in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of soft connective tissues. HA is thought to participate in many biological processes, and its level is markedly elevated during embryogenesis, cell migration, wound healing, malignant transformation, and tissue turnover. The enzymes that degrade HA, hyaluronidases (HAases) are expressed both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These enzymes are known to be involved in physiological and pathological processes ranging from fertilization to aging. Hyaluronidase-mediated degradation of HA increases the permeability of connective tissues and decreases the viscosity of body fluids and is also involved in bacterial pathogenesis, the spread of toxins and venoms, acrosomal reaction/ovum fertilization, and cancer progression. Furthermore, these enzymes may promote direct contact between pathogens and the host cell surfaces. Depolymerization of HA also adversely affects the role of ECM and impairs its activity as a reservoir of growth factors, cytokines and various enzymes involved in signal transduction. Inhibition of HA degradation therefore may be crucial in reducing disease progression and spread of venom/toxins and bacterial pathogens. Hyaluronidase inhibitors are potent, ubiquitous regulating agents that are involved in maintaining the balance between the anabolism and catabolism of HA. Hyaluronidase inhibitors could also serve as contraceptives and anti-tumor agents and possibly have antibacterial and anti-venom/toxin activities. Additionally, these molecules can be used as pharmacological tools to study the physiological and pathophysiological role of HA and hyaluronidases.
              Article 0 comments Cited 149 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mar Drugs
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mar Drugs
                Journal ID (publisher-id): marinedrugs
                Title: Marine Drugs
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-3397
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 December 2019
                Publication date Collection: December 2019
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 688
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; tina@ 123456stu.edu.cn (V.J.); 18nhuang@ 123456stu.edu.cn (N.H.)
                [2 ]Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University, Uthal 90950, Pakistan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: hdu@ 123456stu.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-0754-86502083
                Article
                Publisher ID: marinedrugs-17-00688
                DOI: 10.3390/md17120688
                PMC ID: 6950024
                PubMed ID: 31817709
                SO-VID: 81ef7f6f-fdf1-4d53-ab36-8490246e7b79
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 20 September 2019
                Date accepted : 02 December 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: seaweeds,hyperpigmentation,skin aging,skincare,photo-protection
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: seaweeds, hyperpigmentation, skin aging, skincare, photo-protection

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