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      Timing and Outcome Concerns regarding Feminizing Genitoplasty from the Perspective of Egyptian Families of Girls with Virilized External Genitalia

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          Abstract

          Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in females leads to virilization of external genitalia and persistent urogenital sinus. There are controversies regarding the timing and outcomes of surgery. Deferring surgeries beyond childhood is difficult to implement in conservative societies, and may result in stigmatization and distress to individuals with disorders of sexual differentiation and their families. Methods: Thirty girls with virilization due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia were admitted for single-stage feminizing genitoplasty, between 2011 and 2014. We prospectively studied the concerns and input of the families represented by the mothers. After comprehensive counselling, the mothers completed a questionnaire to clarify their priorities and concerns related to surgery. Results: Surgeries were performed at a mean age of 22 months. Most cases ranged between Prader's degrees III and IV. Egyptian families believe that early surgical reconstruction is in the best interest of their girls. They are marginally more concerned about functional outcomes and future child bearing than external appearance and cosmetic outcomes. Conclusions: Social difficulties noticeably add challenges to the management plan within conservative societies. Early genital reconstructive surgery, when reasonably indicated, needs to remain a viable option. Comprehensive psychosocial support within a multidisciplinary approach is needed to defer feminizing genitoplasty in selected cases to adolescence.

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          Most cited references27

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          Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders.

          The birth of an intersex child prompts a long-term management strategy that involves a myriad of professionals working with the family. There has been progress in diagnosis, surgical techniques, understanding psychosocial issues and in recognizing and accepting the place of patient advocacy. The Lawson Wilkins Paediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) considered it timely to review the management of intersex disorders from a broad perspective, to review data on longer term outcome and to formulate proposals for future studies. The methodology comprised establishing a number of working groups whose membership was drawn from 50 international experts in the field. The groups prepared prior written responses to a defined set of questions resulting from an evidence based review of the literature. At a subsequent gathering of participants, a framework for a consensus document was agreed. This paper constitutes its final form.
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            Summary of consensus statement on intersex disorders and their management. International Intersex Consensus Conference.

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              Satisfaction with genital surgery and sexual life of adults with XY disorders of sex development: results from the German clinical evaluation study.

              Prenatal deficit of androgens or androgen action results in atypical genitalia in individuals with XY disorders of sex development (XY,DSD). XY,DSD include mainly disorders of gonadal development and testosterone synthesis and action. Previously, most XY,DSD individuals were assigned to the female sex. Constructive genital surgery allowing heterosexual intercourse, gonadectomy, and hormone therapy for feminization were often performed. However, outcome studies are scarce. Our objective was evaluation of satisfaction with genital surgery and sexual life in adults with XY,DSD. We evaluated 57 individuals with XY,DSD from the German multicenter clinical evaluation study with a condition-specific questionnaire. The individuals were divided into subgroups reflecting the absence/presence of partial androgen effect or genital constructive surgery. Dissatisfaction with function of the surgical result (47.1%) and clitoral arousal (47.4%) was high in XY,DSD partially androgenized females after feminization surgery. Dissatisfaction with overall sex life (37.5%) and sexual anxieties (44.2%) were substantial in all XY,DSD individuals. Problems with desire (70.6%), arousal (52.9%), and dyspareunia (56.3%) were significant in XY,DSD complete females. 46,XY partially androgenized females reported significantly more often partners of female (9.1%) or both sexes (18.2%) and dyspareunia (56.5%) compared with controls. Individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome stated significant problems with desire (81.8%), arousal (63.6%), and dyspareunia (70%). Care should be improved in XY,DSD patients. Constructive genital surgery should be minimized and performed mainly in adolescence or adulthood with the patients' consent. Individuals with DSD and their families should be informed with sensibility about the condition. Multidisciplinary care with psychological and nonprofessional support (parents, peers, and patients' support groups) is mandatory from child to adulthood.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                HRP
                Horm Res Paediatr
                10.1159/issn.1663-2818
                Hormone Research in Paediatrics
                S. Karger AG
                1663-2818
                1663-2826
                2016
                February 2016
                09 December 2015
                : 85
                : 1
                : 49-57
                Affiliations
                aDepartment of Pediatric Surgery and bDiabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Pediatric Unit (DEMPU), Cairo University, and cDepartment of Surgery, New Kasr Al-Ainy Teaching Hospital, Cairo, and dDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, El-Fayoum University, El-Fayoum, Egypt
                Author notes
                *Mahmoud Marei, Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Hospital for Sick Children, 17 Rillbank Terrace, Edinburgh EH9 1LL (UK), E-Mail m.marei@kasralainy.edu.eg
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8670-1830
                Article
                442200 Horm Res Paediatr 2016;85:49-57
                10.1159/000442200
                26645541
                8212932f-eb03-4444-a1a3-0fb2f8d638c8
                © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 24 July 2015
                : 03 November 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, References: 41, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Ambiguous genitalia,Feminizing genitoplasty,Egypt,Genital reconstructive surgery,Congenital adrenal hyperplasia,Disorders of sexual development

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