Profiles of Non- <i>aureus</i> Staphylococci in Retail Pork and Slaughterhouse Carcasses: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genetic Determinant of Fusidic Acid Resistance

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Abstract

As commensal colonizers in livestock, there has been little attention on staphylococci, especially non- aureus staphylococci (NAS), contaminating meat production chain. To assess prevalence of staphylococci in retail pork and slaughterhouse carcass samples in Korea, we collected 578 samples from Korean slaughterhouses (n=311) and retail markets (n=267) for isolation of staphylococci and determined antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in all the isolates. The presence of and prevalence of fusB-family genes ( fusB, fusC, fusD, and fusF) and mutations in fusA genes were examined in fusidic acid resistant isolates. A total of 47 staphylococcal isolates of 4 different species ( Staphylococcus aureus, n=4; S. hyicus , n=1; S. epidermidis, n=10; Mammaliicoccus sciuri, n=32) were isolated. Fusidic acid resistance were confirmed in 9/10 S. epidermidis and all of the 32 M. sciuri (previously S. sciuri) isolates. Acquired fusidic acid resistance genes were detected in all the resistant strains; fusB and fusC in S. epidermidis and fusB/C in M. sciuri . Multi-locus sequence type analysis revealed that ST63 (n=10, 31%) and ST30 (n=8, 25%) genotypes were most prevalent among fusidic acid resistant M. sciuri isolates. In conclusion, the high prevalence of fusB-family genes in S. epidermidis and M. sciuri strains isolated from pork indicated that NAS might act as a reservoir for fusidic acid resistance gene transmissions in pork production chains.

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Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance in Microbial Ecosystems through Horizontal Gene Transfer

Christian von Wintersdorff, John Penders, Julius van Niekerk … (2016)

The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has been a rising problem for public health in recent decades. It is becoming increasingly recognized that not only antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) encountered in clinical pathogens are of relevance, but rather, all pathogenic, commensal as well as environmental bacteria—and also mobile genetic elements and bacteriophages—form a reservoir of ARGs (the resistome) from which pathogenic bacteria can acquire resistance via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). HGT has caused antibiotic resistance to spread from commensal and environmental species to pathogenic ones, as has been shown for some clinically important ARGs. Of the three canonical mechanisms of HGT, conjugation is thought to have the greatest influence on the dissemination of ARGs. While transformation and transduction are deemed less important, recent discoveries suggest their role may be larger than previously thought. Understanding the extent of the resistome and how its mobilization to pathogenic bacteria takes place is essential for efforts to control the dissemination of these genes. Here, we will discuss the concept of the resistome, provide examples of HGT of clinically relevant ARGs and present an overview of the current knowledge of the contributions the various HGT mechanisms make to the spread of antibiotic resistance.

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Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus.

M C Enright, Brian Spratt, Jeremy Day … (2000)

A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme has been developed for Staphylococcus aureus. The sequences of internal fragments of seven housekeeping genes were obtained for 155 S. aureus isolates from patients with community-acquired and hospital-acquired invasive disease in the Oxford, United Kingdom, area. Fifty-three different allelic profiles were identified, and 17 of these were represented by at least two isolates. The MLST scheme was highly discriminatory and was validated by showing that pairs of isolates with the same allelic profile produced very similar SmaI restriction fragment patterns by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All 22 isolates with the most prevalent allelic profile were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates and had allelic profiles identical to that of a reference strain of the epidemic MRSA clone 16 (EMRSA-16). Four MRSA isolates that were identical in allelic profile to the other major epidemic MRSA clone prevalent in British hospitals (clone EMRSA-15) were also identified. The majority of isolates (81%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates, and seven MSSA clones included five or more isolates. Three of the MSSA clones included at least five isolates from patients with community-acquired invasive disease and may represent virulent clones with an increased ability to cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. The most prevalent MSSA clone (17 isolates) was very closely related to EMRSA-16, and the success of the latter clone at causing disease in hospitals may be due to its emergence from a virulent MSSA clone that was already a major cause of invasive disease in both the community and hospital settings. MLST provides an unambiguous method for assigning MRSA and MSSA isolates to known clones or assigning them as novel clones via the Internet.

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Antibiotic Resistance in the Food Chain: A Developing Country-Perspective

Luria Leslie Founou, Raspail Carrel Founou, Sabiha Yusuf Essack (2016)

Antibiotics are now “endangered species” facing extinction due to the worldwide emergence of antibiotic resistance (ABR). Food animals are considered as key reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria with the use of antibiotics in the food production industry having contributed to the actual global challenge of ABR. There are no geographic boundaries to impede the worldwide spread of ABR. If preventive and containment measures are not applied locally, nationally and regionally, the limited interventions in one country, continent and for instance, in the developing world, could compromise the efficacy and endanger ABR containment policies implemented in other parts of the world, the best-managed high-resource countries included. Multifaceted, comprehensive, and integrated measures complying with the One Health approach are imperative to ensure food safety and security, effectively combat infectious diseases, curb the emergence and spread of ABR, and preserve the efficacy of antibiotics for future generations. Countries should follow the World Health Organization, World Organization for Animal Health, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations recommendations to implement national action plans encompassing human, (food) animal, and environmental sectors to improve policies, interventions and activities that address the prevention and containment of ABR from farm-to-fork. This review covers (i) the origin of antibiotic resistance, (ii) pathways by which bacteria spread to humans from farm-to-fork, (iii) differences in levels of antibiotic resistance between developed and developing countries, and (iv) prevention and containment measures of antibiotic resistance in the food chain.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Food Sci Anim Resour

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Food Sci Anim Resour

Journal ID (publisher-id): Food Sci Anim Resour

Journal ID (publisher-id): kosfa

Title: Food Science of Animal Resources

Publisher: Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources

ISSN (Print): 2636-0772

ISSN (Electronic): 2636-0780

Publication date (Print): March 2022

Publication date (Electronic): 01 March 2022

Volume: 42

Issue: 2

Pages: 225-239

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea

[2 ]Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University , Anseong 17546, Korea

Author notes

[* ] Corresponding author : Soo-Jin Yang, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea, Tel: +82-2-880-1185, Fax: +82-2-885-0263, E-mail: soojinjj@ 123456snu.ac.kr

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Yu Jin Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9832-2539

Gi Yong Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-0065

Sun Do Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1394-3844

Ji Heon Park https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5843-785X

Soo In Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4558-5981

Geun-Bae Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8531-1104

Soo-Jin Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-8190

Article

Publisher ID: kosfa-42-2-225

DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e74

PMC ID: 8907790

PubMed ID: 35310565

SO-VID: 8228967f-56ac-41f7-af75-1f16cbe0d376

License:

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 22 September 2021

Date revision received : 10 December 2021

Date accepted : 20 December 2021

Funding

Funded by: CrossRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002551, Seoul National University; CrossRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003669, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;

Award ID: 2020ER540500

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crossmark 2022-03-31

Keywords: non-aureus staphylococci,antimicrobial resistance,retail pork,slaughterhouse carcass

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Keywords: non-aureus staphylococci, antimicrobial resistance, retail pork, slaughterhouse carcass

Profiles of Non- aureus Staphylococci in Retail Pork and Slaughterhouse Carcasses: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genetic Determinant of Fusidic Acid Resistance

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Point-Of-Care Testing for AMR

Most cited references 46

Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance in Microbial Ecosystems through Horizontal Gene Transfer

Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus.

Antibiotic Resistance in the Food Chain: A Developing Country-Perspective

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