Linear-Scaling Open-Shell MP2 Approach: Algorithm, Benchmarks, and Large-Scale Applications

Abstract

A linear-scaling local second-order Møller–Plesset (MP2) method is presented for high-spin open-shell molecules based on restricted open-shell (RO) reference functions. The open-shell local MP2 (LMP2) approach inherits the iteration- and redundancy-free formulation and the completely integral-direct, OpenMP-parallel, and memory and disk use economic algorithms of our closed-shell LMP2 implementation. By utilizing restricted local molecular orbitals for the demanding integral transformation step and by introducing a novel long-range spin-polarization approximation, the computational cost of RO-LMP2 approaches that of closed-shell LMP2. Extensive benchmarks were performed for reactions of radicals, ionization potentials, as well as spin-state splittings of carbenes and transition-metal complexes. Compared to the conventional MP2 reference for systems of up to 175 atoms, local errors of at most 0.1 kcal/mol were found, which are well below the intrinsic accuracy of MP2. RO-LMP2 computations are presented for challenging protein models of up to 601 atoms and 11 000 basis functions, which involve either spin states of a complexed iron ion or a highly delocalized singly occupied orbital. The corresponding runtimes of 9–15 h obtained with a single, many-core CPU demonstrate that MP2, as well as spin-scaled MP2 and double-hybrid density functional methods, become widely accessible for open-shell systems of unprecedented size and complexity.