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      A Review of Opportunities to Improve the Health of People Involved in the Criminal Justice System in the United States

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      Annual Review of Public Health
      Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          In the past decade, many constituencies have questioned the efficacy, cost, and unintended consequences of mass incarceration in the United States. Although substantial evidence now demonstrates that US incarceration policies have had unintended adverse health consequences, we know less about the strategies and policies that can prevent or reduce these problems for justice-involved individuals and how the criminal justice system (CJS) can contribute to the Healthy People 2020 national goal of eliminating inequities in health. This review examines strategies that have been used to improve the health of people at various stages of CJS involvement, including diversion from jail and prison stays into community settings, improvements to the social and physical environments within correctional facilities, provision of health and other services to inmates, assistance for people leaving correctional facilities to make the transition back to the community, and systems coordination and integration.

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          Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population.

          Despite growing inmate populations in the USA, inmates are excluded from most national health surveys and little is known about whether the prevalence of chronic disease differs between inmates and the non-institutionalised population. Nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the 2002 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities and 2002-4 National Health Interview Survey Sample Adult Files on individuals aged 18-65 were used. Binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to compare the prevalence of self-reported chronic medical conditions among jail (n = 6582) and prison (n = 14,373) inmates and non-institutionalised (n = 76 597) adults after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, employment, the USA as birthplace, marital status and alcohol consumption. Prevalence and adjusted ORs with 95% CIs were calculated for nine important chronic conditions. Compared with the general population, jail and prison inmates had higher odds of hypertension (OR(jail) 1.19; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.31; OR(prison) 1.17; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.27), asthma (OR(jail) 1.41; 95% CI 1.28 to 1.56; OR(prison) 1.34; 95% CI 1.22 to 1.46), arthritis (OR(jail) 1.65; 95% CI 1.47 to 1.84; OR(prison) 1.66; 95% CI 1.54 to 1.80), cervical cancer (OR(jail) 4.16; 95% CI 3.13 to 5.53; OR(prison) 4.82; 95% CI 3.74 to 6.22), and hepatitis (OR(jail) 2.57; 95% CI 2.20 to 3.00; OR(prison) 4.23; 95% CI 3.71 to 4.82), but no increased odds of diabetes, angina or myocardial infarction, and lower odds of obesity. Jail and prison inmates had a higher burden of most chronic medical conditions than the general population even with adjustment for important sociodemographic differences and alcohol consumption.
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            Public health and the epidemic of incarceration.

            An unprecedented number of Americans have been incarcerated in the past generation. In addition, arrests are concentrated in low-income, predominantly nonwhite communities where people are more likely to be medically underserved. As a result, rates of physical and mental illnesses are far higher among prison and jail inmates than among the general public. We review the health profiles of the incarcerated; health care in correctional facilities; and incarceration's repercussions for public health in the communities to which inmates return upon release. The review concludes with recommendations that public health and medical practitioners capitalize on the public health opportunities provided by correctional settings to reach medically underserved communities, while simultaneously advocating for fundamental system change to reduce unnecessary incarceration.
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              The Prison and the Gallows

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annual Review of Public Health
                Annu. Rev. Public Health
                Annual Reviews
                0163-7525
                1545-2093
                March 18 2016
                March 18 2016
                : 37
                : 1
                : 313-333
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY 10027; email: ,
                [2 ]Hunter College, New York, NY 10035
                Article
                10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021420
                26789388
                824f01d2-de70-4a26-9c38-27f1be197699
                © 2016
                History

                Earth & Environmental sciences,Environmental change,General environmental science,Health & Social care,Public health,Infectious disease & Microbiology

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