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      Complications of frontal sinusitis. Bibliographic review Translated title: Complicaciones de la sinusitis frontal. Revisión bibliográfica

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          Abstract

          SUMMARY: Introduction and objective: Frontal rhinosinusitis usually resolves with medical therapy. However, when the sinonasal infection persists, the anatomy of this region can lead to severe and life-threatening complications due to infection spreading beyond the sinus namely to the intracranial compartment. This review aims to highlight the more recent developments on the management of frontal rhinosinusitis and its complications, from a practical perspective that is essential to accurately diagnose these complications. Method: A review of the literature was performed by the authors. PubMed database was searched with relevant terms, which included the following: «frontal sinusitis complications», «pediatric frontal sinusitis» and «frontal sinusitis imaging». Relevant scientific treaties were also used as ancillary to this review. A comprehensive review of the English and Portuguese literature was carried out, including papers published between 2000 and 2021. Our inclusion criteria included clinical trials, expert opinion papers, literature reviews, systematic reviews and clinical guidelines. Duplicate articles, case reports or very small sample studies were excluded prior general screening. Results: Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of them concerned the adult population, with four papers directly addressing the pediatric population. Two clinical guidelines, one large retrospective cohort study and two systematic reviews were selected. Twelve clinical review articles and small retrospective studies were selected, comprising most of the papers addressed. Four clinical textbooks were also consulted for this review. Discussion: Morbidity and mortality from complicated sinusitis are mainly related to intracranial involvement. Although the mortality rate was higher before the era of antibiotic therapy, intracranial abscess still carries high mortality. Frontal sinusitis can be complicated by periorbital cellulitis, abscess formation, both periorbital and subperiosteal in the frontal bone anterior wall (Pott puffy tumor), and, rarely, cavernous sinus thrombosis. Intracranial complications include subdural and epidural empyema, meningitis, and intracerebral abscess. These complications will be reviewed in this paper. Conclusions: Complications of frontal sinusitis can be severe and life threatening, mainly due to the proximity of the frontal sinus with the intracranial compartment. Due to its high availability, CT frequently is the first imaging technique performed in the emergency setting. The excellent bone and high-spatial resolution make CT the preferred imaging examination in presurgical planning. However, contrast-enhanced MRI is far superior in soft-tissue evaluation and should be considered whenever an orbitary or intracranial complication is suspected. These complications are mostly treated with intravenous antibiotics and surgical drainage procedures. Early aggressive intervention has decreased morbidity and shortened hospital stay, although significant morbidity and mortality from complications can still occur.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN: Introducción y objetivo: La rinosinusitis frontal suele resolverse con tratamiento médico. Sin embargo, cuando la infección de los senos paranasales persiste, la anatomía de esta región puede dar lugar a complicaciones graves y potencialmente mortales debido a que la infección se propaga más allá del seno, es decir, al compartimento intracraneal. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo resaltar las publicaciones más recientes sobre el manejo de la rinosinusitis frontal y sus complicaciones, desde una perspectiva práctica que es esencial para diagnosticar con precisión estas complicaciones. Método: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura por parte de los autores. Se buscó en la base de datos PubMed con términos relevantes, que incluían los siguientes: «complicaciones de la sinusitis frontal», «sinusitis frontal pediátrica» y «imagen de la sinusitis frontal». Los tratados científicos pertinentes también se utilizaron como complemento de esta revisión. Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura en inglés y portugués, incluidos artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2021. Nuestros criterios de inclusión incluyeron ensayos clínicos, artículos de opinión de expertos, revisiones de literatura, revisiones sistemáticas y guías clínicas. Los artículos duplicados, los informes de casos o los estudios de muestras muy pequeñas se excluyeron antes de la selección general. Resultados: Veintiún estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La mayoría de ellos se referían a la población adulta, con cuatro artículos dirigidos directamente a la población pediátrica. Se seleccionaron dos guías clínicas, un gran estudio de cohorte retrospectivo y dos revisiones sistemáticas. Se seleccionaron doce artículos de revisión clínica y pequeños estudios retrospectivos, que comprenden la mayoría de los trabajos abordados. También se consultaron cuatro libros de texto clínicos para esta revisión. Discusión: La morbimortalidad por sinusitis complicada se relaciona principalmente con la afectación intracraneal. Aunque la tasa de mortalidad era más alta antes de la era de la terapia con antibióticos, el absceso intracraneal todavía conlleva una alta mortalidad. La sinusitis frontal puede complicarse con celulitis periorbitaria, formación de abscesos, tanto periorbitarios como subperiósticos en la pared anterior del hueso frontal (tumor de Pott) y, en raras ocasiones, trombosis del seno cavernoso. Las complicaciones intracraneales incluyen empiema subdural y epidural, meningitis y absceso intracerebral. Estas complicaciones son revisadas en este artículo. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones de la sinusitis frontal pueden ser graves y potencialmente mortales, principalmente por la proximidad del seno frontal con el compartimento intracraneal. Debido a su alta disponibilidad, la TC es frecuentemente la primera técnica de imagen que se realiza en el ámbito de urgencias. La excelente resolución ósea y la alta resolución espacial hacen de la TC el examen de imagen preferido en la planificación prequirúrgica. Sin embargo, la resonancia magnética con contraste es muy superior en la evaluación de tejidos blandos y debe considerarse siempre que se sospeche una complicación orbitaria o intracraneal. Estas complicaciones se tratan principalmente con antibióticos intravenosos y procedimientos de drenaje quirúrgico. La intervención agresiva temprana ha disminuido la morbilidad y ha acortado la estancia hospitalaria, aunque aún puede ocurrir una morbilidad y mortalidad significativas por complicaciones.

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          The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

          The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
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            European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020

            The European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020 is the update of similar evidence based position papers published in 2005 and 2007 and 2012. The core objective of the EPOS2020 guideline is to provide revised, up-to-date and clear evidence-based recommendations and integrated care pathways in ARS and CRS. EPOS2020 provides an update on the literature published and studies undertaken in the eight years since the EPOS2012 position paper was published and addresses areas not extensively covered in EPOS2012 such as paediatric CRS and sinus surgery. EPOS2020 also involves new stakeholders, including pharmacists and patients, and addresses new target users who have become more involved in the management and treatment of rhinosinusitis since the publication of the last EPOS document, including pharmacists, nurses, specialised care givers and indeed patients themselves, who employ increasing self-management of their condition using over the counter treatments. The document provides suggestions for future research in this area and offers updated guidance for definitions and outcome measurements in research in different settings. EPOS2020 contains chapters on definitions and classification where we have defined a large number of terms and indicated preferred terms. A new classification of CRS into primary and secondary CRS and further division into localized and diffuse disease, based on anatomic distribution is proposed. There are extensive chapters on epidemiology and predisposing factors, inflammatory mechanisms, (differential) diagnosis of facial pain, allergic rhinitis, genetics, cystic fibrosis, aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease, immunodeficiencies, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and the relationship between upper and lower airways. The chapters on paediatric acute and chronic rhinosinusitis are totally rewritten. All available evidence for the management of acute rhinosinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps in adults and children is systematically reviewed and integrated care pathways based on the evidence are proposed. Despite considerable increases in the amount of quality publications in recent years, a large number of practical clinical questions remain. It was agreed that the best way to address these was to conduct a Delphi exercise . The results have been integrated into the respective sections. Last but not least, advice for patients and pharmacists and a new list of research needs are included. The full document can be downloaded for free on the website of this journal: http://www.rhinologyjournal.com.
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              Suppurative intracranial complications of sinusitis in adolescence. Single institute experience and review of literature.

              The objective of this study was to investigate the outcome of neurosurgical treated children with suppurative intracranial complications (SIC) of sinusitis over the past 28 years in our hospital. We reviewed the cases notes of a series of 11 consecutive paediatric patients, who were subjected to surgery for sinusitis-induced SIC, retrospectively. Eleven children (10 males and only one female) were underwent neurosurgical procedure in our hospital between 1978 and 2006. Their age at the time of diagnosis ranging from 13 to 17 years (mean 15.27 years, SD 1.737). The commonest presenting symptoms were headaches (81.8%) followed by vomiting (45.5%) and swelling of the forehead (45.5%). The most often involved sinus was the frontal sinus (63.6%) and sinus surgery was performed in eight (72.72%) of 11 cases. The neurosurgical procedures carried out included burr hole drainage or aspiration of abscess in five cases, craniotomy and evacuation of empyema in seven cases and craniectomy in two cases. Four (36.4%) of 11 patients had more than one neurosurgical operation due to re-accumulation of pus and worsening of their clinical status. Most common pathogen was Streptococcus species (81.9%), and anaerobes were isolated in three (27.3%) cases. Postoperative antibiotic treatment lasted from 26 to 70 days (mean 45.45 days, SD 15.280). Epilepsy was diagnosed in two patients, postoperatively. During the follow-up period, persistent focal neurological deficits were present in five (45.5%) of 11 patients. Interestingly, five (45.45%) cases occurred over the last 2 years (2005-2006) and the other six over the previous 16 years (1978-2006). Prompt and aggressive medical and neurosurgical intervention is required, aiming to minimize the morbidity and mortality and also to maximize the favourable outcome of those children.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista ORL
                Rev. ORL
                Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain )
                2444-7986
                September 2022
                : 13
                : 3
                : 227-238
                Affiliations
                [1] Porto orgnameCentro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto orgdiv1Otolaryngology Service Portugal
                Article
                S2444-79862022000400004 S2444-7986(22)01300300004
                10.14201/orl.28051
                8260916b-4a72-4727-a82a-d3b1aaec7808

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 February 2022
                : 05 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Review Articles

                frontal sinusitis,Pott Puffy tumor,epidural abscess,brain abscess,sinusitis frontal,absceso epidural,absceso cerebral

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