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      Type II secretion in Yersinia—a secretion system for pathogenicity and environmental fitness

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          Abstract

          In Yersinia species, type III secretion (T3S) is the most prominent and best studied secretion system and a hallmark for the infection process of pathogenic Yersinia species. Type II secretion (T2S), on the other hand, is less well-characterized, although all Yersinia species, pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic, possess one or even two T2S systems. The only Yersinia strain in which T2S has so far been studied is the human pathogenic strain Y. enterocolitica 1b. Mouse infection experiments showed that at least one of the two T2S systems of Y. enterocolitica 1b, termed Yts1, is involved in dissemination and colonization of deeper tissues like liver and spleen. Interestingly, in vitro studies revealed a complex regulation of the Yts1 system, which is mainly active at low temperatures and high Mg 2+-levels. Furthermore, the functional characterization of the proteins secreted in vitro indicates a role of the Yts1 machinery in survival of the bacteria in an environmental habitat. In silico analyses identified Yts1 homologous systems in bacteria that are known as plant symbionts or plant pathogens. Thus, the recent studies point to a dual function of the Yts1 T2S systems, playing a role in virulence of humans and animals, as well as in the survival of the bacteria outside of the mammalian host. In contrast, the role of the second T2S system, Yts2, remains ill defined. Whereas the T3S system and its virulence-mediating role has been intensively studied, it might now be time to also focus on the T2S system and its role in the Yersinia lifestyle, especially considering that most of the Yersinia isolates are not found in infected humans but have been gathered from various environmental samples.

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          Submarine thermal sprirngs on the galapagos rift.

          The submarine hydrothermal activity on and near the Galápagos Rift has been explored with the aid of the deep submersible Alvin. Analyses of water samples from hydrothermal vents reveal that hydrothermal activity provides significant or dominant sources and sinks for several components of seawater; studies of conductive and convective heat transfer suggest that two-thirds of the heat lost from new oceanic lithosphere at the Galápagos Rift in the first million years may be vented from thermal springs, predominantly along the axial ridge within the rift valley. The vent areas are populated by animal communities. They appear to utilize chemosynthesis by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria to derive their entire energy supply from reactions between the seawater and the rocks at high temperatures, rather than photosynthesis.
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            Type V protein secretion pathway: the autotransporter story.

            Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane layer which constrains uptake and secretion of solutes and polypeptides. To overcome this barrier, bacteria have developed several systems for protein secretion. The type V secretion pathway encompasses the autotransporter proteins, the two-partner secretion system, and the recently described type Vc or AT-2 family of proteins. Since its discovery in the late 1980s, this family of secreted proteins has expanded continuously, due largely to the advent of the genomic age, to become the largest group of secreted proteins in gram-negative bacteria. Several of these proteins play essential roles in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections and have been characterized in detail, demonstrating a diverse array of function including the ability to condense host cell actin and to modulate apoptosis. However, most of the autotransporter proteins remain to be characterized. In light of new discoveries and controversies in this research field, this review considers the autotransporter secretion process in the context of the more general field of bacterial protein translocation and exoprotein function.
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              The structural biology of type IV secretion systems.

              Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are versatile secretion systems that are found in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and secrete a wide range of substrates, from single proteins to protein-protein and protein-DNA complexes. They usually consist of 12 components that are organized into ATP-powered, double-membrane-spanning complexes. The structures of single soluble components or domains have been solved, but an understanding of how these structures come together has only recently begun to emerge. This Review focuses on the structural advances that have been made over the past 10 years and how the corresponding structural insights have helped to elucidate many of the details of the mechanism of type IV secretion.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front. Cell. Inf. Microbio.
                Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2235-2988
                14 December 2012
                2012
                : 2
                : 160
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Institute of Infectiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Münster, Germany
                [2] 2Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences Kleve, Germany
                Author notes

                Edited by: Matthew Francis, Umeå University, Sweden

                Reviewed by: Ombeline Rossier, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Maria Sandkvist, University of Michigan, USA

                *Correspondence: Gerhard Heusipp, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Research Center, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany. e-mail: gerhard.heusipp@ 123456hochschule-rhein-waal.de
                Article
                10.3389/fcimb.2012.00160
                3521999
                23248779
                826524c5-685d-4b57-a6cf-23ea17331694
                Copyright © 2012 von Tils, Blädel, Schmidt and Heusipp.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.

                History
                : 14 September 2012
                : 29 November 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 92, Pages: 11, Words: 9420
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Review Article

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                type ii secretion,pathogenicity,environmental fitness,yersiniae,y. enterocolitica

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