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      Dietary Magnesium Intake and Leukocyte Telomere Attrition in Adults: The Regulatory Role of Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor α

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          In this study, we assessed the effects of dietary magnesium on leukocyte telomere length (LTL).

          Designs

          The current cross-sectional analysis was based on data collected within a type 2 diabetes project. Settings. Dietary magnesium intake is associated with peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length (LTL). However, few epidemiological studies have evaluated the effects of magnesium on LTL in the clinical setting. Participants. This cross-sectional analysis included 467 participants (34.8% men). Measurements. Serum blood lipid profile, HbA1c, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory mediator levels were measured. Detailed dietary data were obtained using a 24 h food recall. LTL was assessed using a real-time PCR assay. Regression models and simple regulatory models were used for data analysis.

          Results

          There was an inverse relationship between dietary magnesium and LTL ( P < 0.001), with a between-extreme-quarter difference of -0.55. Conversely, there was a positive relationship between dietary magnesium and serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, with an interquarter difference of 3.79 pmol/mL ( P for trend = 0.006). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the odds ratios (ORs) for shorter LTL and higher serum TNF α increased with magnesium intake, and the ORs of the differences between extreme quartiles were 2.60 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31–5.36; P = 0.003) and 1.98 (95% CI: 1.09–3.59; P = 0.008). There was a direct negative effect of dietary magnesium intake on LTL ( B = −0.002; P = 0.001), which appeared to be indirectly influenced by TNF α (-0.002 to -0.0005).

          Conclusions

          Dietary magnesium intake may be a critical component of the cellular aging process, and its effect could be partly mediated by TNF α.

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          Dietary Magnesium Is Positively Associated With Skeletal Muscle Power and Indices of Muscle Mass and May Attenuate the Association Between Circulating C-Reactive Protein and Muscle Mass in Women.

          Ailsa A. Welch, Eirini Kelaiditi, Amy Jennings … (2016)
          Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength are risk factors for sarcopenia, osteoporosis, falls, fractures, frailty, and mortality. Dietary magnesium (Mg) could play a role in prevention of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, power, and strength directly through physiological mechanisms or indirectly through an impact on chronic low-grade inflammation, itself a risk factor for loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. In a cross-sectional study of 2570 women aged 18 to 79 years, we examined associations between intakes of Mg, estimated using a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived measures of muscle mass (fat-free mass as a percentage of body weight [FFM%], fat-free mass index [FFMI, kg/m(2)]), leg explosive power (LEP), and grip strength (n = 949 only). We also examined associations between circulating hs-CRP (C-reactive protein) and muscle mass and LEP, and explored the potential attenuation of these relationships by Mg. We compared our findings with those of age and protein intake. Endpoints were calculated by quintile of Mg and adjusted for relevant confounders. Significant positive associations were found between a higher Mg and indices of skeletal muscle mass and LEP, and also with hs-CRP, after adjustment for covariates. Contrasting extreme quintiles of Mg intake showed differences of 2.6% for FFM% (p trend < 0.001), 0.4 kg/m(2) for FFMI (p trend = 0.005), and 19.6 watts/kg for LEP (p trend < 0.001). Compared with protein, these positive associations were 7 times greater for FFM% and 2.5 times greater for LEP. We also found that higher hs-CRP was negatively associated with skeletal muscle mass and, in statistical modeling, that a higher dietary Mg attenuated this negative relationship by 6.5%, with greater attenuation in women older than 50 years. No association was found between Mg and grip strength. Our results suggest that dietary magnesium may aid conservation of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and power in women of all ages.
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            Human telomere structure and biology.

            Harold Riethman (2007)
            Human telomeric DNA is complex and highly variable. Subterminal sequences are associated with cis-acting determinants of allele-specific (TTAGGG)n tract length regulation and may modulate susceptibility of (TTAGGG)n tracts to rapid deletion events. More extensive subtelomeric DNA tracts are filled with segmental duplications and segments that vary in copy number, leading to highly variable subtelomeric allele structures in the human population. RNA transcripts encoded in telomere regions include multicopy protein-encoding gene families and a variety of noncoding RNAs. One recently described family of (UUAGGG)n-containing subterminal RNAs appears to be critical for telomere integrity; these RNAs associate with telomeric chromatin and are regulated by RNA surveillance factors including human homologs of the yeast Est1p protein. An increasingly detailed and complete picture of telomeric DNA sequence organization and structural variation is essential for understanding and tracking allele-specific subterminal and subtelomeric features critical for human biology.
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              Influence of diet on leukocyte telomere length, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in individuals with varied glucose tolerance: a Chinese population study

              Meicen Zhou, Lixin Zhu, Xiangli Cui … (2016)
              Objectives To explore influence of carbohydrates/fat proportions, dietary ingredients on telomere length shortening, oxidative stress and inflammation in a Chinese population with different glucose tolerance status. Methods Five hundred and fifty-six Chinese subjects without diabetes history underwent a 75 g, 2 h Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Subjects with diabetes (n = 159), pre-diabetes (n = 197), and normal glucose tolerance (n = 200) were screened. Dietary intakes were evaluated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length (LTL) was assessed using a real-time PCR assay. Blood lipid profile, levels of the oxidative stress indicators superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and inflammation indicators tumor necrosis factor (TNF-ɑ), interleukine-6 (IL-6) were measured. Levels of HbA1c, plasma glucose, insulin, and C peptide were also determined. Measurements were taken at 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min after 75 g OGTT. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by HOMA-IR. Basal insulin secretion index (HOMA-β), early phase disposition index (DI30) and total phase disposition index (DI120) indicate insulin levels at different phases of insulin secretion. Results In patients with newly diagnosed diabetes, LTL adjusted by age was longer in HbA1c < 7 % group (log (LTL):1.93 ± 0.25) than in HbA1c ≥ 7 % group (log (LTL):1.82 ± 0.29). LTL was not associated with daily energy intake, diet fat, carbohydrates and protein proportions. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that legumes, nuts, fish and seaweeds were protective factors for LTL shortening, and sweetened carbonated beverage was a risk factor for LTL shortening ( legumes: β = 0.105, p = 0.018; nuts: β = 0.110, p = 0.011; fish: β = 0.118, p = 0.007; seaweeds: β = 0.116, p = 0.009; sweetened carbonated beverage: β = −0.120, p = 0.004 ). Daily energy intake was positively associated with TNF-ɑ, IL-6 (TNF-ɑ: r = 0.125, p = 0.006;IL-6: r = 0.092, p = 0.04). Fat, carbohydrate proportions were positively associated with TNF-ɑ (fat: r = 0.119, p = 0.008 ; carbohydrate: r = 0.094, p = 0.043). Seaweeds and dairy intake were negatively associated with 8-oxo-dG (seaweed: r = −0.496, p = 0.001;dairy: r = −0.246, p = 0.046 ), vegetables and fruits were positively associated with GR ( vegetables: r = 0.101, p = 0.034;fruits: r = 0.125, p = 0.045). Cereal, meat were positively associated with TNF-ɑ ( cereal: r = 0.091, p = 0.048 ; meat: r = 0.405, p = 0.009). Conclusion Diabetes patients with better plasma glucose (HbA1c < 7 %) had longer LTL, LTL could reflect plasma glucose status in diabetes patients. LTL were probably not influenced by diet carbohydrates/fat proportions but was associated with diet ingredients. Diet ingredients significantly impacted on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, which probably had an effect on LTL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0157-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lingling Xu:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1341-4141
                Yuxiu Li:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-0855
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mediators Inflamm
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mediators Inflamm
                Journal ID (publisher-id): MI
                Title: Mediators of Inflammation
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 0962-9351
                ISSN (Electronic): 1466-1861
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 May 2020
                Volume: 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 7610436
                Affiliations
                1Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
                2Department of Basic Physiology, The Health School Affiliated to Capital Medical University, China
                3Department of Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
                4State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
                5State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Eduardo Dalmarco

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-7780
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-7996
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1874-840X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7650-6612
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-2102
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1341-4141
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-0855
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2020/7610436
                PMC ID: 7261336
                SO-VID: 82757876-6740-44a8-ba3c-d00ed49f3789
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Jie Yu et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 February 2020
                Date accepted : 23 April 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences
                Award ID: CIFMS2016-I2M-4-001
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology

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