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      Drug Design, Development and Therapy (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the design and development of drugs, as well as the clinical outcomes, patient safety, and programs targeted at the effective and safe use of medicines. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis – role of once daily extended-release mesalamine

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          Abstract

          The aminosalicylates (5-ASA; also referred to as mesalamine-based agents) are considered as first-line in the maintenance of remission of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis (UC). Traditionally these agents have required a large pill burden and multiple daily dosing regimens which may account for the low adherence rates, especially in patients in remission. Extended-release mesalamine is the first once daily mesalamine product approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the maintenance of UC remission. This review will examine the pharmacokinetics, dosing, efficacy, and safety data of extended-release mesalamine, and discuss the potential role of improving medication compliance and decreasing costs in UC maintenance.

          Most cited references38

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          The prevalence and geographic distribution of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States.

          Michael D. Kappelman, Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Ken Kleinman … (2007)
          Previous US studies of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) prevalence have sampled small, geographically restricted populations and may not be generalizable to the entire nation. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in a large national sample and to compare the prevalence across geographic regions and other sociodemographic characteristics. We analyzed the health insurance claims for 9 million Americans, pooled from 87 health plans in 33 states, and identified cases of CD and UC using diagnosis codes. Prevalence was determined by dividing the number of cases by the number of persons enrolled for 2 years. Logistic regression was used to compare prevalence estimates by geographic region, age, sex, and insurance type (Medicaid vs commercial). The prevalence of CD and UC in children younger than 20 years was 43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 40-45) and 28 (95% CI, 26-30) per 100,000, respectively. In adults, the prevalence of CD and UC was 201 (95% CI, 197-204) and 238 (95% CI, 234-241), respectively. The prevalence of both conditions was lower in the South, compared with the Northeast, Midwest, and West. IBD appears to be more common in commercially insured individuals, compared with those insured by Medicaid. This estimation of the prevalence of IBD in the US should help quantify the overall burden of disease and inform the planning of appropriate clinical services.
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            Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies.

            J. Walsh, Jonathan Terdiman, Fernando Velayos (2005)
            We performed a systematic review with metaanalysis of observational studies evaluating the association between 5-ASA use and colorectal cancer (CRC) or dysplasia among patients with ulcerative colitis. We conducted a search of Medline Embase Biosis, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration, manually reviewed the literature, and consulted with experts. Studies were included if they 1) evaluated and clearly defined exposure to 5-aminosalicylates in patients with ulcerative colitis, 2) reported CRC or dysplasia outcomes, 3) reported relative risks or odds ratio or provided data for their calculations. Quantitative analysis using a random-effects model is presented. Nine studies (3 cohort, 6 case-control) containing 334 cases of CRC, 140 cases of dysplasia, and a total of 1,932 subjects satisfied all inclusion criteria. Five studies reported CRC outcomes alone, two studies reported separate cancer and dysplasia outcomes, and two studies reported a combined outcome of CRC or dysplasia. All primary estimates are homogenous. Pooled analysis showed a protective association between use of 5-aminosalicylates and CRC (OR=0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37-0.69) or a combined endpoint of CRC/dysplasia (OR 0.51; 95% CI: 0.38-0.69). 5-ASA use was not associated with a lower risk of dysplasia, although only two studies evaluated this outcome (OR=1.18; 95% CI: 0.41-3.43). Pooled results of observational studies support a protective association between 5-aminosalicylates and CRC or a combined endpoint of CRC/dysplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis. Additional studies analyzing the effect of 5-ASA on risk of dysplasia are needed.
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              Systematic review: the costs of ulcerative colitis in Western countries.

              Jane Chao, Astha M. Mulani, E Wu … (2010)
              Early onset and complications such as hospitalization and surgery contribute to the economic burden of ulcerative colitis. To review systematically the literature on costs of ulcerative colitis in Western countries. Studies estimating costs of ulcerative colitis in Western countries were identified using Medline, EMBASE and ISI Web of Science and were rated based on relevance and reliability of estimates. All costs were adjusted to 2008 currency values. A parallel review focused on the impact of disease severity on costs, hospitalizations and surgeries. Estimated annual per-patient direct medical costs of ulcerative colitis ranged from $6217 to $11,477 in the United States and from euro8949 to euro10,395 in Europe. Hospitalizations accounted for 41-55% of direct medical costs. Indirect costs accounted for approximately one-third of total costs in the United States and 54-68% in Europe. Total economic burden of ulcerative colitis was estimated at $8.1-14.9 billion annually in the United States and at euro12.5-29.1 billion in Europe; total direct costs were $3.4-8.6 billion in the United States and euro5.4-12.6 billion in Europe. Direct costs, hospitalizations and surgeries increased with worsening disease severity. Ulcerative colitis is a costly disease. Hospitalizations contribute significantly to direct medical costs, and indirect costs are considerable, having previously been substantially underestimated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Des Devel Ther
                Title: Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 1177-8881
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 February 2011
                Volume: 5
                Pages: 111-116
                Affiliations
                The Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Russell D Cohen, The University of Chicago Medical Center, MC 4076, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Tel +1 773 702 0719, Fax +1 773 702 2182, Email rcohen@ 123456medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: dddt-5-111
                DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S5392
                PMC ID: 3063115
                PubMed ID: 21448448
                SO-VID: 82941817-e1b8-488e-8e14-f51ee7b961ba
                Copyright © © 2011 Oliveira and Cohen, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 26 February 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: 5-asa,ulcerative colitis,quality of life,adherence,compliance,mesalamine,costs
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: 5-asa, ulcerative colitis, quality of life, adherence, compliance, mesalamine, costs

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