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      La experiencia del trabajo con datos de movilidad para detectar desigualdades durante la pandemia de COVID-19 Translated title: The experience of working with mobility data in order to detect inequalities during COVID-19 pandemic

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          Abstract

          La pandemia por COVID-19 ha representado una de las crisis sanitarias más importantes del último siglo en España y en todo el mundo. Entre las medidas desplegadas para mitigarla se encuentran específicamente las de reducción de movilidad para disminuir la transmisión comunitaria. Estas medidas pueden tener un impacto desigual en la población. Presentamos una metodología mediante el uso de datos públicos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y de la Sociedad Española de Epidemiologia para estudiar diferencias socioeconómicas en la movilidad durante la pandemia. Describimos la aplicación de esta metodología para una provincia (Asturias), donde se encuentran patrones socioeconómicos rural-urbanos. El uso de herramientas de sistemas de información geográfica puede traer información útil para explorar los determinantes sociales de la salud a múltiples niveles.

          Translated abstract

          The COVID-19 pandemic has been one of the most important health crises of the last century in Spain and worldwide. Mobility reduction interventions have been among the most common public health measures implemented to mitigate the pandemic through reducing community transmission. These measures may have an unequal impact across the population. We present a methodology based on the use of publicly available data from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística and the Sociedad Espanola de Epidemiología, to study socioeconomic inequalities in mobility during the pandemic. We describe an application of this methodology for a province (Asturias), showing socioeconomic rural-urban patterns. The use of geographic information system tools can provide useful evidence to explore the social determinants of health at multiple levels.

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          The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities

          This essay examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for health inequalities. It outlines historical and contemporary evidence of inequalities in pandemics—drawing on international research into the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, the H1N1 outbreak of 2009 and the emerging international estimates of socio-economic, ethnic and geographical inequalities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. It then examines how these inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health, arguing that we are experiencing a syndemic pandemic. It then explores the potential consequences for health inequalities of the lockdown measures implemented internationally as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the likely unequal impacts of the economic crisis. The essay concludes by reflecting on the longer-term public health policy responses needed to ensure that the COVID-19 pandemic does not increase health inequalities for future generations.
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            Lessons learnt from easing COVID-19 restrictions: an analysis of countries and regions in Asia Pacific and Europe

            The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global crisis. Many countries have implemented restrictions on population movement to slow the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and prevent health systems from becoming overwhelmed; some have instituted full or partial lockdowns. However, lockdowns and other extreme restrictions cannot be sustained for the long term in the hope that there will be an effective vaccine or treatment for COVID-19. Governments worldwide now face the common challenge of easing lockdowns and restrictions while balancing various health, social, and economic concerns. To facilitate cross-country learning, this Health Policy paper uses an adapted framework to examine the approaches taken by nine high-income countries and regions that have started to ease COVID-19 restrictions: five in the Asia Pacific region (ie, Hong Kong [Special Administrative Region], Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea) and four in Europe (ie, Germany, Norway, Spain, and the UK). This comparative analysis presents important lessons to be learnt from the experiences of these countries and regions. Although the future of the virus is unknown at present, countries should continue to share their experiences, shield populations who are at risk, and suppress transmission to save lives.
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              Is Open Access

              Health equity and COVID-19: global perspectives

              The COVID-19 is disproportionally affecting the poor, minorities and a broad range of vulnerable populations, due to its inequitable spread in areas of dense population and limited mitigation capacity due to high prevalence of chronic conditions or poor access to high quality public health and medical care. Moreover, the collateral effects of the pandemic due to the global economic downturn, and social isolation and movement restriction measures, are unequally affecting those in the lowest power strata of societies. To address the challenges to health equity and describe some of the approaches taken by governments and local organizations, we have compiled 13 country case studies from various regions around the world: China, Brazil, Thailand, Sub Saharan Africa, Nicaragua, Armenia, India, Guatemala, United States of America (USA), Israel, Australia, Colombia, and Belgium. This compilation is by no-means representative or all inclusive, and we encourage researchers to continue advancing global knowledge on COVID-19 health equity related issues, through rigorous research and generation of a strong evidence base of new empirical studies in this field.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Gac Sanit
                Gac Sanit
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                SESPAS. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.
                0213-9111
                1578-1283
                3 June 2021
                3 June 2021
                Affiliations
                [a ]Programa de Doctorado en Geografía, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
                [b ]Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
                [c ]Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
                [d ]Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
                [e ]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
                Author notes
                [* ]Autor para correspondencia.
                Article
                S0213-9111(21)00105-9
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.04.003
                8173483
                82b7b02a-7ebb-4172-a60d-95e9c2fd18e0
                © 2021 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 15 February 2021
                : 22 April 2021
                Categories
                Nota Metodológica

                cuarentena,coronavirus,factores socioeconómicos,movilidad social,salud urbana,quarantine,socioeconomic factors,social mobility,urban health

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