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      High Connectivity of the White Seabream ( Diplodus sargus, L. 1758) in the Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean Basin

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          Abstract

          Population dynamics in the marine realm can shape species’ spatial structure and genetic variability between given geographical areas. Connectivity is an important factor of species’ population structure. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity and structure of white seabream ( Diplodus sargus, L. 1758) in the eastern Mediterranean basin, using a panel of four microsatellite markers. Recorded low F ST values within the study area indicate little evidence of genetic differentiation among populations. Results suggest high gene flow which may imply near-panmixia between populations, indicating the possibility of a probable movement of adult migrants, or strong passive drift at sea in early life stages of the species. To this extent, bibliographically speaking, different species within the Sparidae family favor altered population dynamics patterns with respect to local populations and genetic divergence, in the context of the molecular marker used.

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          What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity.

          Robin S Waples, Oscar E Gaggiotti (2006)
          We review commonly used population definitions under both the ecological paradigm (which emphasizes demographic cohesion) and the evolutionary paradigm (which emphasizes reproductive cohesion) and find that none are truly operational. We suggest several quantitative criteria that might be used to determine when groups of individuals are different enough to be considered 'populations'. Units for these criteria are migration rate (m) for the ecological paradigm and migrants per generation (Nm) for the evolutionary paradigm. These criteria are then evaluated by applying analytical methods to simulated genetic data for a finite island model. Under the standard parameter set that includes L = 20 High mutation (microsatellite-like) loci and samples of S = 50 individuals from each of n = 4 subpopulations, power to detect departures from panmixia was very high ( approximately 100%; P < 0.001) even with high gene flow (Nm = 25). A new method, comparing the number of correct population assignments with the random expectation, performed as well as a multilocus contingency test and warrants further consideration. Use of Low mutation (allozyme-like) markers reduced power more than did halving S or L. Under the standard parameter set, power to detect restricted gene flow below a certain level X (H(0): Nm < X) can also be high, provided that true Nm < or = 0.5X. Developing the appropriate test criterion, however, requires assumptions about several key parameters that are difficult to estimate in most natural populations. Methods that cluster individuals without using a priori sampling information detected the true number of populations only under conditions of moderate or low gene flow (Nm < or = 5), and power dropped sharply with smaller samples of loci and individuals. A simple algorithm based on a multilocus contingency test of allele frequencies in pairs of samples has high power to detect the true number of populations even with Nm = 25 but requires more rigorous statistical evaluation. The ecological paradigm remains challenging for evaluations using genetic markers, because the transition from demographic dependence to independence occurs in a region of high migration where genetic methods have relatively little power. Some recent theoretical developments and continued advances in computational power provide hope that this situation may change in the future.
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            Taking the chaos out of genetic patchiness: seascape genetics reveals ecological and oceanographic drivers of genetic patterns in three temperate reef species.

            Kimberly Selkoe, James Watson, Crow White … (2010)
            Marine species frequently show weak and/or complex genetic structuring that is commonly dismissed as 'chaotic' genetic patchiness and ecologically uninformative. Here, using three datasets that individually feature weak chaotic patchiness, we demonstrate that combining inferences across species and incorporating environmental data can greatly improve the predictive value of marine population genetics studies on small spatial scales. Significant correlations in genetic patterns of microsatellite markers among three species, kelp bass Paralabrax clathratus, Kellet's whelk Kelletia kelletii and California spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus, in the Southern California Bight suggest that slight differences in diversity and pairwise differentiation across sampling sites are not simply noise or chaotic patchiness, but are ecologically meaningful. To test whether interspecies correlations potentially result from shared environmental drivers of genetic patterns, we assembled data on kelp bed size, sea surface temperature and estimates of site-to-site migration probability derived from a high resolution multi-year ocean circulation model. These data served as predictor variables in linear models of genetic diversity and linear mixed models of genetic differentiation that were assessed with information-theoretic model selection. Kelp was the most informative predictor of genetics for all three species, but ocean circulation also played a minor role for kelp bass. The shared patterns suggest a single spatial marine management strategy may effectively protect genetic diversity of multiple species. This study demonstrates the power of environmental and ecological data to shed light on weak genetic patterns and highlights the need for future focus on a mechanistic understanding of the links between oceanography, ecology and genetic structure.
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              Genetic population structure of marine fish: mismatch between biological and fisheries management units

              Henning Reiss, Galice Hoarau, Mark Dickey-Collas … (2009)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Animals (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Animals (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): animals
                Title: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-2615
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 November 2019
                Publication date Collection: November 2019
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 979
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agriculture Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece; dvafidis@ 123456uth.gr
                [2 ]Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; tsigeno@ 123456hcmr.gr
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: exadact@ 123456uth.gr (A.E.); gkafas@ 123456uth.gr (G.A.G.); Tel.: +30-242-109-3073 (A.E.); +30-242-109-3145 (G.A.G.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3858-1958
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0615-7941
                Article
                Publisher ID: animals-09-00979
                DOI: 10.3390/ani9110979
                PMC ID: 6912665
                PubMed ID: 31731689
                SO-VID: 82bdc997-ee12-4d73-99a8-5cf4f1aaaa4e
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 07 October 2019
                Date accepted : 14 November 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Communication

                Keywords: connectivity,mediterranean,population structure,microsatellites
                Data availability:
                Keywords: connectivity, mediterranean, population structure, microsatellites

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